Surveying and rpd design

Surveying and RPD Design
IBRAHIM BAYRAM
BDS, MFD RCSI, MFDS RCPSG
MCLINDENT STUDENT (PROS), CARDIFF UNIVERSITY

Outline
Dental Surveyor (Definition, Types and Different parts).
Purposes of the dental surveyor.
Factors determine the Path of Insertion.
Recording relation of the cast to the Surveyor.
RPD design.
Sequence of RPD design.
Difficulties of the Free end saddles and management.
Exercise.

Introduction
Dental Surveyor:
An instrument used to determine the relative parallelism of two or more surfaces of the teeth or
other parts of the cast of a dental arch.
The primary purpose of surveying is to identify the modifications of oral structures that are
necessary to fabricate a removable partial denture that will have a successful prognosis.
It is the modification of tooth surfaces to accommodate placement of the component parts of
the partial denture in their designated ideal positions on abutment teeth that facilitates this
prognosis.
The design of partial dentures, including surveying, is a clinician’s responsibility not the
technician's responsibility.

Description of a dental surveyor
Two most widely used surveyors are:
Ney.
Jelenko.
Ney Surveyor Jelenko Surveyor

Ney surveyor
The principal parts of the Ney surveyor are as follows:
1. Platform on which the base is moved.
2. Vertical arm that supports the superstructure.
3. Horizontal arm from which the surveying tool suspends.
4. Table to which the cast is attached.
5. Base on which the table swivels.
6. Paralleling tool or guideline marker (This tool contacts the convex surface to be studied in a
tangential manner; the relative parallelism of one surface to another may thus be determined;
with substitution of a carbon marker, the height of contour may be delineated on the surfaces
of the abutment teeth and on areas of interference requiring reduction on blockout).
7. Mandrel for holding special tools.

Surveyor Tools
Analyzing rod
Graphite marker
Undercut gauge
Trimming knife

Differences between Ney and Jelenko
surveyors
They differ principally in that the Jelenko arm swivels, whereas the Ney arm is fixed.
The vertical arm on the Ney surveyor is retained by friction within a fixed bearing. The shaft may
be moved up or down within this bearing but remains in a vertical position until again moved.
The shaft may be fixed in any vertical position desired by tightening a setscrew. In contrast, the
vertical arm of the Jelenko surveyor is spring mounted and returns to the top position when it is
released. It must be held down against spring tension while it is in use, which to some is a
disadvantage.

Differences between Ney and Jelenko
surveyors
Because the shaft on the Ney surveyor is stable in any vertical position yet may be moved
vertically with ease it lends itself well for use as a drill press when a handpiece holder is added.
The handpiece may thus be used to cut recesses in cast restorations with precision with burs or
carborundum points of various sizes in a dental handpiece.

PURPOSES OF THE SURVEYOR
Surveying the diagnostic cast.
Recontouring abutment teeth on the diagnostic cast.
Contouring wax patterns.
Measuring a specific depth of undercut.
Surveying ceramic veneer crowns,.
Placing intracoronal retainers.
Placing internal rests.
Machining cast restorations.
Surveying and blocking out the master cast.

Surveying the diagnostic cast
1-To determine the most desirable path of placement that eliminates or minimizes interference
to placement and removal.
The path of placement: Is the direction in which a restoration moves from the point of initial
contact of its rigid parts with the supporting teeth to its terminal resting position, with rests
seated and the denture base in contact with the tissues.
The path of removal is exactly the reverse.
2-To identify proximal tooth surfaces that are or need to be made parallel so that they act as
guiding planes during placement and removal.
3-To locate and measure areas of the teeth that may be used for retention.

Surveying the diagnostic cast
4-To determine whether teeth and bony areas of interference need to be eliminated surgically
or by selection of a different path of placement.
5-To determine the most suitable path of placement that permits locating retainers and
artificial teeth to provide the best esthetic advantage.
6-To permit accurate charting of the mouth preparations to be made.
7-To delineate the height of contour on abutment teeth and to locate areas of undesirable
tooth undercut that are to be avoided, eliminated, or blocked out.
8-To record the cast position in relation to the selected path of placement for future reference:
This may be done by locating three dots or parallel lines on the cast, thus establishing the
horizontal plane in relation to the vertical arm of the surveyor.

Contouring wax patterns
The surveyor blade is used as a wax carver during this phase of mouth preparation so that the
proposed path of placement may be maintained throughout the preparation of cast restorations
for abutment teeth.
Guiding planes on all proximal surfaces of wax patterns adjacent to edentulous areas should be
made parallel to the previously determined path of placement. Similarly, all other tooth
contours that will be contacted by rigid components should be made parallel.

Surveying Ceramic Veneer Crowns
The surveyor is used to contour all areas of the wax pattern for the veneer crown except the
buccal or labial surface.
It is unlikely that the ceramic veneer portion can be fabricated exactly to the form required for
the planned placement of retentive clasp arms without some reshaping with stones.
Before the final glaze is accomplished, the abutment crowns should be returned to the surveyor
on a full arch cast to ensure the correct contour of the veneered portions or to locate those areas
that need recontouring.
The final glaze is accomplished only after the crowns have been recontoured.

Machining Cast Restorations
With a handpiece holder attached, the axial surfaces of cast and ceramic restorations may be
refined by machining with a suitable cylindrical carborundum point.
Cast restorations should first be tried in the mouth and then transferred, by means of a plaster or
acrylic-resin index impression, to a reinforced stone cast for machining purposes.
The new cast is then positioned on the surveyor, conforming to the path of placement of the
partial denture, and vertical surfaces are machined with a true-running cylindrical carborundum
point.

Surveying the Master Cast
Because surveying the master cast follows mouth preparations, the path of placement, the
location of retentive areas, and the location of remaining interference must be known before the
final design of the denture framework is completed.
The objectives of surveying the master cast are as follows:
1-To select the most suitable path of placement by following mouth preparations that satisfy the
requirements of guiding planes, retention, noninterference, and esthetics.
2-To permit measurement of retentive areas and to identify the location of clasp terminals in
proportion to the flexibility of the clasp arm being used.
3-To locate undesirable undercut areas that will be crossed by rigid parts of the restoration
during placement and removal: These must be eliminated by blockout.
4-To trim blockout material parallel to the path of placement before duplication.

Some information on Flexibility and
Retention
Flexibility depends on:
1-Alloy used for the clasp.
2-Design and shape of clasp whether its form is round or half-round.
3-Length of the clasp arm from its point of origin to its terminal end.
4-Thickness of the clasp.
Retention depends on:
1-Flexibility of the clasp arm.
2-Depth of the tooth undercut.
3-Depth the clasp terminal is placed into this undercut.

FACTORS THAT DETERMINE PATH
OF PLACEMENT AND REMOVAL
Guiding planes.
Retentive areas.
Interference and Dead spaces.
Esthetics.
In practice the path of insertion frequently has to be a compromise between these often
conflicting factors.

1-Guiding Planes
Guide surfaces: series of surfaces parallel to each other and the path of insertion that ensure that the dentures can be inserted or
withdrawn along the selected path of insertion. To be effective they should be at least 2–3 mm long.
The restricted path of insertion and withdrawal has in theory several advantages:
1-Improved clasp function:
This will ensures the predictability of the planned retentive undercut.
Effective reciprocation.
Prevents the possible distortion of the flexible retentive clasp arm that can occur if another path of insertion could be used to seat the
denture.
2-Ease of insertion and removal of the denture by the patient.
3-Frictional contact of denture components against guide surfaces may assist the overall retention of the partial denture.
4-Reduction of dead space.
Order of effectiveness:
Precision Attachments > Cast Coronal Restorations > Prepared Teeth Surfaces > No Preparation.

2-Retentive Areas
It is generally assumed that all partial dentures will have a tendency to withdraw along a path at right angles to the
occlusal plane. “Path of Natural Displacement (PND)”
If the partial denture is to be retentive then resistance to this natural displacement must be provided. This is
achieved by engaging retentive undercut that exists relative to the path of natural displacement with either clasps
or rigid parts of the denture in one of the following three ways:
1-With clasps using a path of insertion at right angles to the occlusal plane.
2-By selecting a path of insertion that is clearly not at right angles to the occlusal plane.
3-A combination of both of the above approaches. This is perhaps the most effective way of ensuring retention.
Where little or no clasp undercut exists for an otherwise reasonable path of insertion, it is usually
preferable to create undercuts by restorative means rather than to compromise the path of insertion.

3-Interference and Dead spaces
The prosthesis must be designed so that it may be placed and removed without encountering
tooth or soft tissue interference.
Interference may be eliminated during mouth preparations by surgery, extraction, modification of
interfering tooth surfaces, or alteration of tooth contours with restorations.
Generally, interference that cannot be eliminated for one reason or another takes precedence
over the factors of retention and guiding planes.

3-Interference and Dead Spaces
Dead spaces: Any unwanted undercut area beneath the survey
line on the surface of the abutment tooth next to the partial
denture framework, or on other teeth enclosed by the
framework.
Dead spaces may be managed in several ways:
Elimination of dead spaces by the removal of tooth
substance (Guide Surfaces Preparation).
By the deliberate enlargement of dead spaces during
construction of the partial denture.
By choosing a path of insertion that eliminates the
unwanted undercut areas.

4-Esthetics
By one path of placement, the most esthetic location of artificial teeth is made possible, and less
clasp metal and base material may be displayed.
Generally, less metal will be displayed if the retentive clasp is placed at a more distogingival area
of tooth surface.
With an occlusally approaching clasp, use of a mesial undercut will allow the proximal two-thirds
of the arm to remain distal to the tooth and the tip towards the gingival margin.
For a gingivally approaching clasp, it may be better to use a distally placed undercut so that the
arm of the retainer is less visible.

FINAL PATH OF PLACEMENT
The final path of placement will be the anteroposterior and lateral position of the cast, in relation to the vertical
arm of the surveyor that best satisfies all factors: guiding planes, retention, interference, esthetics.
Diagnostic casts can serve as a visual guide for tooth preparation. A, Surveyed cast shows areas requiring tooth
reduction in red (mesio-occlusal rest and distal guide plane #28, cingulum rest #27), as well as path of insertion
tripod marks. B, This mesially tipped molar has been diagnosed to have a ring clasp. Red markings show the
necessary mesio-occlusal and disto-occlusal rests required, as well as the mesial guide plane. Also shown is the
reduction necessary to lower the lingual height of contour at the mesiolingual line angle. All required axial contour
adjustments are determined through the appropriate use of a surveyor.
A B

RECORDING RELATION OF CAST
TO SURVEYOR
One method is to place three widely divergent dots on the tissue surface of the cast with the tip
of a carbon marker with the vertical arm of the surveyor in a locked position. Preferably these
dots should not be placed on areas of the cast involved in the framework design. The dots should
be encircled with a colored pencil for easy identification. When the cast is returned to the
surveyor, it may be tilted until the tip of the surveyor blade or diagnostic stylus again contacts
the three dots in the same plane. This approach, which will produce the original position of the
cast and therefore the original path of placement, is known as “Tripoding the cast”.

RECORDING RELATION OF CAST
TO SURVEYOR
Some dentists prefer to make tiny pits in the cast at the location of the tripoding dots to
preserve the orientation of the cast and to transfer this relationship to the refractory cast.
A second method is to score two sides and the dorsal aspect of the base of the cast with a sharp
instrument held against the surveyor blade. When the cast is tilted until all three lines are again
parallel to the surveyor blade, the original cast position can be reestablished. Fortunately, the
scratch lines will be reproduced in any duplication, thereby permitting any duplicate cast to be
related to the surveyor in a similar manner.
It must be remembered that repositioning a cast on a surveyor at any time can involve a certain
amount of human error. It has been estimated that an error of 0.2 mm can be anticipated when
a cast with three reference points on its base is reoriented. This reorientation error can
influence the placement of appropriate blockout wax and may result in ineffective placement of
direct retainers into prescribed undercuts and improper contacts of minor connectors with
guiding planes. Therefore reorientation of the cast to the surveyor by any method must be done
with great care.

Something to mention!
Carbon markers that become the slightest bit worn from use should be discarded. A worn
(tapered) carbon marker will indicate heights of contour more occlusally located than those that
actually exist.
The carbon marker must be parallel to the vertical spindle of the surveyor.
The diagnostic stylus should always be checked to ensure that itis not bent or distorted.

RPD design
‘The best partial denture is no partial denture’.
Ultimately, the success of RPDs can depend on how well they have been designed.
The BSSPD have produced guidelines relating to the provision of RPDs, recommending ‘... the
design of a partial denture is the duty and responsibility of the clinician...’
Although the partial dentures will be made after all other treatment has been carried out, it is
essential to design the denture(s) at the very beginning.
All other restorative treatment should be planned and carried out to allow for the partial denture
design.

RPD design
RPD design should be undertaken only in full consideration of clinical, anatomical and technical
considerations.
As such the following information should be available:
A detailed history, including details of previous denture-wearing experience, details of when teeth
were lost, relevant medical history.
A full dental charting, including a consideration of the quality of restorations present (in particular,
abutment teeth).
Details of the periodontal condition of the remaining teeth (in particular, abutment teeth).
Consideration can be made for radiographic examination of planned abutment teeth, though careful
consideration of the risks/benefits of undertaking this should be made
Surveyed primary cast at the chosen path of insertion.
The maxillary and mandibular cast should be mounted on a suitable articulator prior to designing the
RPD.

Addy, M., and J. F. Bates. "Plaque accumulation following the
wearing of different types of removable partial dentures." Journal of
oral rehabilitation 6.2 (1979): 111-117
45 patients with Kennedy type 1, 2 & 3 upper & lower RPD:
 Lower partial dentures without gingival coverage [lower bar dentures].
 Partial dentures with gingival coverage [lower plate dentures].
 Upper partial dentures without gingival coverage [upper no coverage dentures].
At start, each patient was rendered plaque-free by scaling and polishing of the teeth
 The cleaning procedure was carried out on four occasions, creating three consecutive 3 day
periods.
Patients were instructed to refrain from all forms of oral or denture hygiene, except for rinsing
of the dentures in cold water after meals.
After each 3 day period the patients' teeth in the arch bearing the partial denture were
disclosed.

Results and Conclusion
The wearing of RPD resulted in a significant increase in plaque accumulation found on both buccal and lingual
surfaces of the remaining teeth.
The significant increase in the buccal plaque indices was significant for all three types of denture designs and
would appear to be related to the presence of the denture in the mouth rather than to then amount of tooth
coverage on the lingual aspect.
The increase on lingual aspect was significantly greater with lower plate dentures compared to lower bar
dentures.
Wearing of RPD day and night significantly increased the plaque scores compared to wearing the denture during
the day only.
 Only apparent in the patients wearing dentures without gingival coverage.
 No significant increase was seen with lingual plates (rapid plaque accumulation= day > day and night).
 Wearing RPD during ‘day’ or ‘day and night’ resulted in more plaque for all designs compared to not wearing
dentures.
Where retention and stability of a partial denture permits, design should be as simple as possible, limiting
gingival coverage.

Sequence of Designing:
1-Saddles.
2-Support.
3-Retention.
4-Bracing and reciprocation.
5-Major and minor connectors.
6-Indirect retention.
7-Review of completed design.

Saddle design
The saddle replaces the missing teeth and supporting structures.
Decisions need to be made on which teeth should be replaced and consideration given to the
occlusal relationship (opposing teeth). The over-eruption of unopposed teeth is unpredictable
but, where occurring, causes technical challenges in making an RPD.
Flange extension can often be an important consideration. For tooth supported/bounded
saddles, flange extension is not critical. However, for mucosa-borne, or tooth/mucosa-borne
saddles, flange extension is important for support, retention and bracing.

Support
Support for a saddle can be: Tooth-borne, Mucosa-borne or Tooth and mucosa-borne.
Tooth support is gained from occlusal or cingulum rests. While these are an integral component of
cast metal RPDs, pre-formed (stainless steel) occlusal rests can also be incorporated in mucosa-borne
(acrylic) dentures to increase support.
For cast metal RPDs, careful consideration must be given to the positioning of rests. These are usually
adjacent to tooth-borne saddles. Within teeth, occlusal rests on molars an premolars are usually in the
mesial or distal third of the tooth, and situated in the middle third of the buccolingual dimension.
Cingulum rests on canines and incisors are usually positioned in the middle (in inciso-gingival terms) of
the lingual/palatal surfaces.
Cingulum rests supporting adjacent saddles are in either the mesial or distal third of the tooth when
supporting the saddle, but in the middle of the tooth in mesio-distal and inciso-gingival terms when
used as indirect retainers.
Rest seat preparations should remain in enamel.
Minimum thickness of cast rest seat is 0.5mm without occlusal interference.

Support
For mucosa-borne dentures, support from the underlying mucosa may be achieved by covering as much of the
available ridge as possible (fully extended flanges), and by making a suitable muco-compressive impression.
Primary support areas are the hard palate (upper) and external oblique ridge (lower).
Secondary support area is the residual alveolar ridge.
Occlusal forces should be distributed evenly across the underlying ridge, thereby avoiding localized areas of
resorption.
If cingulae of anterior teeth are covered by the acrylic base then the support will also come from the teeth.
Stainless steal or cast rest seats can be incorporated to enhance support.
Gum stripper: [mainly in mandible where poorer quality and quantity of supporting tissues]
Poorly designed mucosa-borne RPD that extends into lingual and interproximal gingivae (collated).
It sinks during function and damage the periodontal tissue of remaining teeth.
Support from combinations of teeth and mucosae (ie free-end saddles) can be challenging as a support
differential exists underneath the saddle (between the tooth housed in alveolar bone at one end and displaceable
mucosa at the other). As such, careful use of specialized impression techniques (such as the ‘Altered cast
technique’) can be considered.

Retention
Can be achieved by:
well-adapted fitting surface.
Appropriately contoured polished surfaces.
Engaging a ‘path of insertion’ that is not coincident with the ‘path of natural displacement’.
Clasps, which are broadly divided into:
Occlusally approaching clasps. (e.g.; C-clasp, ring, reversed, extended arm)
Gingivally approaching clasps. (e.g.; I-bar, T-bar, L-bar)
For cobalt-chromium clasps, only the terminal one-third of the clasp should be engaged in an undercut.
It should be passive when the denture is fully seated but helps retain the denture when it is being displaced.
Insufficient undercut:
Recontour tooth with composite.
Grind a depression in the enamel.
Milled/surveyed restoration.

Retention
Where to put a clasp ?
Ideally, one clasp is required on each side of the saddle for optimum retention.
However, less number of clasps may be used, depending on the length, number and distribution
of the saddles, as well as the clasp strength.
Avoid placing clasps only in one side of the RPD as the opposite site would be non retentive.
P.S: Clasp tip is better to be directed towards the saddle for early engagement, hence; better
retention.

Reciprocation and Bracing
Reciprocation:
Resistance against horizontal displacing forces on abutment teeth caused by clasps as they are
removed from undercuts on teeth.
The reciprocating component should be placed on the tooth surface opposite that which is clasped.
Critically, the reciprocating component should lie above the survey line (not into the undercut), and
should remain in contact with the tooth while the retentive component is in contact on the other
side.
Bracing:
Resistance against horizontal displacing forces on saddles, usually caused by oral musculature (e.g.
lips, cheeks, etc.).
This is more of an issue for mucosa-borne saddles than tooth-borne saddles, and is a special problem
for free-end saddles.
This problem can be overcome by correctly extending the saddle flanges.

Connector design
Major connectors:
Join the saddles together.
They should be rigid.
They should cover as little of the mucosa as possible EXCEPT when they are also needed for
support.
Gingival margins should be left free wherever possible BUT there is no evidence to prove that
a well-fitting plate connector causes any periodontal damage if the patient has good oral
hygiene.
As a basic principle, there should be 3 mm clearance between the gingival margins of the
teeth and the connector.
Usually determined by the distribution of the saddles and the patient’s preference.

Connector design
Minor connectors:
Join component parts of the RPD to the major connector.
Can contribute towards stability and bracing.
Usually, they design themselves.
Occlusion MUST be considered.
Open Lattice:
Need more inter-occlusal space than the mesh because the metal is thicker.
Setting of teeth is easier.
Mesh:
Need less inter-occlusal space because the metal is thinner
Setting of teeth is very difficult.
Easy to reline.

Indirect retention
Resistance against rotational forces on a saddle.
A classic example relates to free-end saddle if the terminal abutment tooth is clasped, the saddle
can rotate around this tooth. Placing an ‘indirect retainer’ anterior to this clasp allows resistance
to these rotational forces to develop.
It is important to realize that, in situations where more than one clasp exists, that a clasp axis
develops, and indirect retainers should be placed on the opposite side to the saddle rotational
forces, and as far away from this axis as possible, to reduce displacement of the denture.

Indirect retention
The component on the anterior tooth is not the indirect retainer, but without it there would be
no indirect retention.
It is this component AND the clasps working together which provide the indirect retention.
Without the clasps the denture would simply rotate about the new axis.
Indirect retention can be achieved by using occlusal rests, cingulum rests, Cummer arms, plates,
bars etc.
If in doubt simply ensure that there is a cingulum rest or plate on the canine on the OPPOSITE
side of the arch to the free end saddle. (Alternatively an occlusal rest on mesial surface of the
first premolar).
NOTE: avoid placing cingulum rests on incisor teeth, they could be pushed out of line of the arch.

Review design
Re-assess the whole design following the same designing sequence.
Re-fine the design if necessary in respect to patient’s condition or desires.
Ensure the RPD will facilitate gingival clearance where possible.
Keep it simple [KISS rule].

Denture designed with
Every principles
Mucosa borne.
Point contact of saddles with abutments.
Gingivally free as much as possible (minimum 3mm).
Labial flange.
Distal stops.

Difficulties in Free End Saddles
The saddle of RPD is retained at one end only which means that it is rocking + insufficient
retention.
Support is more of a problem due to the difference in displacement ability between abutment
teeth and denture bearing mucosa when loaded.
 The periodontal ligament allows 0.1mm intrusion of the tooth
 Mucosa can be compressed by up to 2mm.
 Mainly in the mandible as the hard palate can compensate in the maxilla.
Routine methods for reducing the load:
 Wide tissue coverage of the saddle base to spread the load (Maxilla).
 Reduction in the occlusal table by using narrow or less teeth.
Potential to torque and damage the abutment tooth with conventional RPD design.

RPI system
Aims to bring axis of rotation anterior to clasp tip > bearing mucosa displaced under load > I-bar and guide plate
move away and disengage from tooth > avoid torque on abutment.
R [Mesial rest seat]:
Provide support against vertical loading.
Prevent torque of abutment by directing ‘tipping’ forces towards the mesial surface.
P.S: The abutment tooth is usually supported on the mesial side by adjacent teeth.
Mesio-lingual minor connector reciprocate clasp action along with the guide plate.
P [Guide plate]:
Provides bracing to RPD.
Provides reciprocation to the abutment tooth against the clasp action.
I [I-bar]:
Provides direct retention when RPD rotate away from ridge.
Disengaged when RPD displaced towards the ridge.

Altered cast technique
Two-stage impression technique for tooth and tissue borne RPD (mainly mandibular).
First descried by Applegate in 1954 to cater for both supporting elements, reduced the
potential for occlusal errors and facilitated maintenance of the completed partial denture.
End result is to record the tissue of free end saddle in a compressed/displaced state reducing
the amount of displacement difference between the supported teeth and soft tissue under the
saddle.
Lack evidence for success.

Sequence of the procedure
Low viscosity overall impression is recorded.
Following metal try-in, a trial acrylic base is attached to the cast framework to be placed on
the saddle.
A wash impression is recorded only for the free end saddle.
 Impression materials that can be used; Wax, compound, zinc oxide/eugenol paste, light or
medium bodied silicone.
 During taking the impression, pressure should only be applied on tooth-supported
components of the framework. (e.g. Rests)
The master cast is sectioned at the distal end of the last abutment tooth and the framework
placed into the teeth of the master cast. The cast is ‘altered’ by pouring stone into the saddle
areas.
RPD is processed on the new altered cast.

Other options for Free end saddle
Avoid RPD in mandibular free end saddle [Shortened dental arch].
Distal cantilevered bridge:
 Higher patient satisfaction.
Dental implants:
 Can be used as single tooth replacement, implant retained bridge, attachment system or
distal abutment (bonded saddle).
Flexible joints [stress breaker]:
 To join and separate the tooth and tissue components during loading.
 Risk of fracture and fatigue + difficult to control and repair.

Further Reading
Bezzon, O.L., Mattos, M.G.C. and Ribero, R.F., 1997. Surveying removable partial dentures: the
importance of guiding planes and path of insertion for stability. The Journal of prosthetic
dentistry, 78(4), pp.412-418.
Becker, C.M., Kaiser, D.A. and Goldfogel, M.H., 1994. Evolution of removable partial denture
design. Journal of Prosthodontics, 3(3), pp.158-166.
Krol, A.J., 1973. Clasp design for extension-base removable partial dentures. The Journal of
prosthetic dentistry, 29(4), pp.408-415.
Bolender, C.L. and Becker, C.M., 1981. Swinglock removable partial dentures: where and
when. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, 45(1), pp.4-10.

References
McCracken’s Removable Partial Prosthodontics
Jepson NJA. Removable Partial Dentures
Addy, M., and J. F. Bates. "Plaque accumulation following the wearing of different types of
removable partial dentures." Journal of oral rehabilitation 6.2 (1979): 111-117
Lynch CD. Successful removable partial dentures. Dent Update 2012; 39: 118
Every, R. G. "The elimination of destructive forces in replacing teeth with partial dentures." The
New Zealand dental journal 45.222 (1949): 207
McCord, J. Fraser, et al. "A clinical overview of removable prostheses: 2. Impression making for
partial dentures." Dental update 29.9 (2002): 422-427

Thanks for listening
Ibrahim Bayram

Surveying and rpd design

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