survillance .pptx

Overview of Public Health
Surveillance
2023-01-08
1
health officers

Outline
 Introduction
 Purpose of surveillance
 Types of surveillance
 Good features of good surveillance
 Integrated disease surveillance
2023-01-08
2 health officers

Session objectives
 At the end of this session you will be able to:
 Define surveillance
 List purposes of surveillance
 Describe the types of surveillance
 Mention good features of surveillance
 Discuss integrated surveillance system
2023-01-08
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What is Surveillance?
Systematic collection of information on a
specific disease or other health-related event
Must occur on an ongoing basis with sufficient
accuracy and completeness for data analysis
Utilization of information for disease prevention
and control
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Purpose of surveillance
 To be able to identify diseases, injuries, hazards and
other health related factors as early as possible,
 i.e. prediction and early detection of outbreaks.
 To provide scientific baseline data and information
for priority setting, planning, implementing and
evaluating disease control program for both
communicable and non-communicable health
problems.
 To define the magnitude and distribution of diseases
by time, person and place dimension.
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Information cycle
 A surveillance system is an information loop
or cycle that involves:
 healthcare providers
 public health agencies
 the public
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Surveillance Terms
Universal case reporting – a surveillance
system in which all cases of a disease are
supposed to be reported
Sentinel surveillance – a surveillance system
in which reports are obtained from certain
facilities or populations
Laboratory-based reporting – a surveillance
system in which the reports of cases come
from clinical laboratories instead of healthcare
practitioners or hospitals
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Surveillance term…
Case definition – the clinical and laboratory
characteristics that a patient must have to be
counted as a case for surveillance purposes
Prevalence – the proportion of persons in a
population who have a disease or condition at
a given point in time
Incidence – the number of persons who newly
develop a disease or condition within a
specified period of time
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Types of surveillance
 The two common types of surveillance are passive
and active surveillance.
Passive surveillance
 Passive surveillance may be defined as a
mechanism for routine surveillance based on
passive case detection and on the routine recording
and reporting system.
 The information provider comes to the health
institutions for help, be it medical or other preventive
and promotive health services
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Passive surveillance...
 It involves collection of data as part of routine
provision of health services.
Advantages of passive surveillance
Covers a wide range of problems
Does not require special arrangement
It is relatively cheap
Covers a wider area
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Passive surveillance...
The disadvantages of passive surveillance
 The information generated is to a large extent
unreliable, incomplete and inaccurate
 Most of the time, data from passive surveillance is
not available on time
 Most of the time, you may not get the kind of
information you desire
 It lacks representativeness of the whole population
since passive surveillance is mainly based on health
institution reports
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Active surveillance
 Active surveillance is defined as a method of data
collection usually on a specific disease, for relatively
limited period of time.
 It involves collection of data from communities such
as in house-to-house surveys or mobilizing
communities to some central point where data can
be collected.
 This can be arranged by assigning health personnel
to collect information on presence or absence of new
cases of a particular disease at regular intervals.
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Active surveillance...
Example: investigation of out-breaks
The advantages of active surveillance
 the collected data is complete and accurate
 information collected is timely.
The disadvantages of active surveillance
 it requires good organization,
 it is expensive
 it requires skilled human power
 it is for short period of time(not a continuous process)
 it is directed towards specific disease conditions
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Conditions in which active surveillance is
appropriate
 Active surveillance has limited scope.
 Unlike passive surveillance, it cannot be used for
routine purposes.
 There are certain conditions where active
surveillance is appropriate
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These conditions are:
 For periodic evaluation of an ongoing program
 For programs with limited time of operation such as
eradication program
 In unusual situations such as:
 New disease discovery
 New mode of transmission
 When a disease is found to affect a new subgroup of
the population.
 When a previously eradicated disease reappears.
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Activities in Surveillance
 The different activities carried out under
surveillance are:
1. Data collection and recording
2. Data compilation, analysis and interpretation
3. Reporting and notification
4. Dissemination of information
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Features of a good surveillance
system
 Using a combination of both active and passive
surveillance techniques
 Timely notification
 Timely and comprehensive action taken in
response to notification
 Availability of a strong laboratory service for
accurate diagnoses of cases
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The integrated disease
surveillance system (IDS)
 The integrated disease surveillance system is a
relatively new strategy, which is being implemented
in Ethiopia.
 In this strategy several activities from the different
vertical programs are coordinated and streamlined in
order to make best use of scarce resources.
 Integrated disease surveillance strategy
recommends coordination and integration of
surveillance activities for diseases of public health
importance.
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Diseases included in the
integrated disease surveillance
system
 Among the most prevalent health problems 21
(twenty one) communicable diseases and
conditions are selected for integrated disease
surveillance to be implemented in Ethiopia.
 The diseases are recommended because they
fall into one or more of the following categories:
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Diseases included in IDS...
 Are top causes of high morbidity and mortality
in Ethiopia (for example, malaria, pneumonia,
diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS)
 Have epidemic potential (for example yellow
fever and cholera)
 Surveillance required internationally (for
example plague, yellow fever and cholera)
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Diseases included in IDS...
 Have available effective control and prevention
interventions for addressing the public health
problem they pose (for example schistosomiasis,
onchocerciasis, trypanosomiasis)
 Can easily be identified using simple case
definition; and
 Have intervention programs for prevention, control,
eradication or elimination of the diseases (for
example EPI and Integrated Management of
Childhood Illness Strategy (IMCI)
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List of Priority Disease in
Ethiopia
A. Epidemic-Prone Diseases
 Cholera
 Diarrhea with blood
(Shigella)
 Yellow fever
 Measles
 Meningitis
 Plague
 Viral hemorrhagic
fevers***
 Typhoid fever
 Relapsing fever
 Epidemic typhus
 Malaria
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Priority Disease in Ethiopia...
B. Diseases Targeted for Eradication and
Elimination
 Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP)/ polio
 Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)
 Leprosy
 Neonatal tetanus
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Priority Disease in Ethiopia...
C. Other Diseases of Public Health Importance
 Pneumonia in children less than 5 years of age
 Diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age
 New AIDS cases
 Onchocerciasis
 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
 Tuberculosis
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survillance .pptx

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