Syntax
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The document discusses the structure of phrases and sentences in English syntax, highlighting the differences between sentences and phrases, including definitions and examples of noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and prepositional phrases. It also touches on syntactic categories, case usage, and the representation of sentence structures through tree diagrams. The information is supervised by Dr. Khaleel Al Bataineh and pertains to a study conducted by student Muna Emad Al Masri.
Syntax
- 1. Supervised by Dr. Khaleel Al Bataineh Student: Muna Emad Al Masri English Language and Translation
- 2. Syntax: the study of the structure of phrases and sentences. E.g.: The student studies English in Amman Arab University. *It is a sentence
- 3. What is the difference between sentence and phrase?
- 4. There is a hierarchy in the English language of enthusiasm levels
- 5. Sentences: in the largest structure unit in the grammatical organization of a language. *It must have a subject and predicate. Phrases: is a group of words that forms a constituent and is part of a clause. *In linguistics, “phrase” has a precise meaning. *It is the expansion of a head.
- 6. Example: The man went down the hill. *It is a sentence. .* The man: is a noun phrase *Went: is a verb phrase. Down the hill: is a preposition phrase.
- 7. For you to say such things * This is not a sentence because it does not have a subject. * It is a noun phrase.
- 8. Complement: It is a word or more that describes the verb and without it the meaning is complete. E.g.: I go to university every day.
- 9. Arguments: are the participants (entities) that are necessarily involved in the situation identified by the predicate.
- 10. * Nominative case: Subjects Typically occur in the nominative case( I, he, she). ____________________________ *Accusative case: Objects occur in the accusative case ( me, her, him).
- 11. Syntactic categories: terms such as NOUN PHRASE, VERB PHRASE, ADJECTIVE PHRASE, ADVERB PHRASE, PREPOSITION PHRASE, NOUN, VERB, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB, PREPOSITION.
- 12. A noun phrase: refers to a phrase that is built upon a noun which functions as the headword of the phrase. Example: The smart girl bought a book from a tall man. (NOUN PHRASE)
- 13. A verb phrase: refers to a phrase that is composed of at least one verb and its dependents in which the verb functions as the headword of the phrase. Example: The boy has been playing and he found a doll. (VERB PHRASE)
- 14. An adjective phrase: refers to a phrase that modifies a noun .It is built upon an adjective which functions as the headword of the phrase. Example: She is extremely happy today and much happier than before. (ADJECTIVE PHRASE)
- 15. An adverb phrase: refers to a phrase that often tells us when, where, why and how an event occurred, in which the adverb functions as the headword of the phrase. Example: Ali spoke English very quickly in the party last year. ADVERB PHRASE) )
- 16. A prepositional phrase: refers to a phrase that begins with a preposition, in which the preposition functions as the headword of the phrase. Example: The man in the black coat arrived by plane last night. (PREPOSITION PHRASE)
- 17. Representation
- 18. The constituent structure of sentences can be represented in essentially two ways. Tree diagrams Bracketings
- 19. We prefer tree diagrams because they help visualize structure better than bracketings do.
- 20. *Nodes: the nodes in a tree diagram are the topmost point, the bottom points, and all those intermediate points at which the tree branches. *Labels: are the abbreviated names of the categories to which the constituents belong, such as S (sentence) Pron (preposition) D (Determiner) etc.
- 21. Basic Phrase Structure Rules
- 22. *A node in a tree contain all the nodes below it that are linked to it by a line. *Immediate domination: it is to contain the node on the lower node without the intervention of the middle node.
- 23. THANK YOU