Tabulation of data

ECONOMICS
BASIC
STATISTICS
Dr Rekha Choudhary
Department of Economics
Jai NarainVyas University,Jodhpur
Rajasthan

1.0 Introduction
The classification of data leads to the problem of
presentation of data. The presentation of data means
exhibition of the data in such a clear and attractive
manner that these are easily understood and analyzed.
There many forms of presentation of data of which the
following three are well known:
a)Textual Presentation,
b)Tabular Presentation,
c) Diagrammatic Presentation.
Here, we discuses in detail Tabular method of data
presentation.

1.1 Objectives
After going through this unit, you will be able to:
 Carry out investigations
 Do comparisons
 Locate omissions and errors in the data
 Use space economically
 Study the trends
 Simplify data
 Use it as future references

1.2.1 What is a Table
A table is a symmetric arrangement of statistical data in rows and columns.
1.2.2 Definitions
According Prof. L.R.Connor,”
“Table involves the orderly and systematic presentation of numerical data in a
form designed to elucidate the problem under consideration.”
According to Prof. M.M. Blaire
“Table in its broadest sense is an orderly arrangement of data in column and
rows.”
1.2.3 Meaning
In the light of above mentioned definitions we can say in brief, “Table is
systematic organization and presentation of data in the form of rows and columns.
Whereas rows are horizontal arrangements and columns are vertical arrangements.
1.2 Tabulation

1. 3 Features of good table
 Title as compatible with the objective of the study
 To facilitate comparison.
 Ideal Size
 Stubs
 Heading
 Abbreviation
 Footnote
 Total
 Source of data
 Size of Columns
 Simple, Economical and Attractive

1.4 Rules of Tabulation
 The table should suit the size of the paper and, therefore, the width of the column
should be decided before hand.
 Number of columns and rows should neither be too large nor too small.
 As far as possible figures should be approximated before tabulation. This would
reduce unnecessary details.
 Items should be arranged either in alphabetical, chronological or geographical order
or according to size. There are no hard and fast rules for the tabulation of data but for
constructing good table, following general rules should be observed while tabulating
statistical data.
 The sub-total and total of the items of the table must be written.
 Percentages are given in the tables if necessary.
 Ditto marks should not be used in a table because sometimes it create confusion.
 Table should be simple and attractive.
 A table should be logical, well-balanced in length and breadth and the comparable
columns should be placed side by side.
 Light/heavy/thick or double rulings may be used to distinguish sub columns, main
columns and totals.
 For large data more than one table may be used.

1.5 Parts of an Ideal Table
Parts of an Ideal
Table
Footnotes &
references
Title
Stubs or Row
designations
Table
number
Body of the table
Source
Column
headings Or
Captions
Date

 Table number: A number must be allotted to the table for identification,
particularly when there are many tables in a study.
 Title: The title should explain what is contained in the table. It should be clear,
brief and set in bold type on top of the table. It should also indicate the time and
place to which the data refer.
 Date: The date of preparation of the table should be given.
 Stubs or Row designations: Each row of the table should be given a brief
heading. Such designations of rows are called “stubs”, or, “stub items” and the
entire column is called “stub column”.
 Column headings or Captions: Column designation is given on top of each
column to explain to what the figures in the column refer. It should be clear and
precise. This is called a “caption”, or, “heading”. columns should be numbered if
there are four, or, more columns.
 Body of the table: The data should be arranged in such a way that any figure can
be located easily. Various types of numerical variables should be arranged in an
ascending order, i.e., from left to right in rows and from top to bottom in columns.
Column and row totals should be given.
 Source: At the bottom of the table a note should be added indicating the primary
and secondary sources from which data have been collected.
 Footnotes and references: If any item has not been explained properly, a
separate explanatory note should be added at the bottom of the table.

1.6 Importance of Tabulation
 Under tabulation, data is divided into various parts and for each part there are
totals and sub totals. Therefore, relationship between different parts can be
easily known.
 Since data are arranged in a table with a title and a number so these can be
easily identified and used for the required purpose
 Tabulation makes the data brief. Therefore, it can be easily presented in the
form of graphs.
 Tabulation presents the numerical figures in an attractive form Tabulation
makes complex data simple and as a result of this, it becomes easy to
understand the data.
 This form of the presentation of data is helpful in finding mistakes.
 Tabulation is useful in condensing the collected data.
 Tabulation makes it easy to analyze the data from tables.
 Tabulation is a very cheap mode to present the data. It saves time as well as
space.
 Tabulation is a device to summaries the large scattered data. So, the maximum
information may be collected from these tables..

1.7 Limitations of Tabulation
 Tables contain only numerical data.
 They do not contain details.
 Qualitative expression is not possible
through tables.
 Tables can be used by experts only to draw
conclusions.
 Common men do not understand them
properly.

1.8 Methods of Tabulation
Simple tabulation:
Simple tabulation is when the data are tabulated to one characteristic. For
example, the survey that determined the frequency or number of employees of a
firm owning different brands of mobile phones like Blackberry, Nokia, etc.
Double tabulation:
Double tabulation is when two characteristics of data are tabulated. For example,
frequency or number of male and female employees in the firm owning different
brand of mobile phones like Blackberry, Nokia etc.
Complex tabulation:
Complex tabulation of data that includes more than two characteristics. For
example, frequency or number of male, female and the total employees owning
different brand of mobile phones like Blackberry, Nokia etc.

Kindsof Tables
According to
PurposeAccording to
Originality
Complex Table
General
Purpose Table
Special
Purpose
Table
Original Table Derived Table
According to
Construction
Double or Two-Way
Table
Main fold TableThree way Table
Simple or One-
Way Table
1.9 Kinds of Table

1.9 Kinds of Table
There are three basis of classifying tables.
I. Purpose of a table
II. Originality of a table
III.Construction of a table.
According to Purpose
• General Purpose Table: General purpose table is that table which is of general use. It
is does not serve any specific purpose or specific problem under consideration.
• Special Purpose Table: Special Purpose table is that table which is prepared with
some specific purpose in mind.
According to Originality
•Original Table: An original table is that in which data are presented in the same form
and manner in which they are collected.
• Derived Table: A derived table is that in which data are not presented in the form or
manner in which these are collected. Instead the data are first converted into ratios or
percentage and then presented.

According to Construction .
• Simple Table
Simple Table In a simple table (also known as one-way table), data are presented based
on only one characteristic.
• Complex Tables
In a complex table (also known as a manifold table) data are presented according to
two or more characteristics simultaneously. The complex tables are two-way or three-
way tables according to whether two or three characteristics are presented
simultaneously.
a. Double or Two-Way Table
Double or Two-Way Table In such a table, the variable under study is further
subdivided into two groups according to two inter-related characteristics
b. Three-Way Table
Three-Way Table In such a table, the variable under study is divided according to three
interrelated characteristics.
c. Manifold (or Higher Order) Table
Manifold (or Higher Order) Table Such tables provide information about a large no of
interrelated characteristics in the data set.

1.10 Difference between Classification and
Tabulation
Basis for
Comparison
Classification Tabulation
Meaning
Classification is the
process of grouping
data into different
categories, on the
basis of nature,
behavior, or common
characteristics.
Tabulation is a
process of
summarizing data
and presenting it in a
compact form, by
putting data into
statistical table.
Order After data collection After classification
Arrangement
Attributes and
variables
Columns and rows
Purpose To analyse data To present data
Bifurcates data into
Categories and sub-
categories
Headings and sub-
headings

1.11 Let us Sum up
With the help of above discussion we can say that table are help us to represent
the data in the form of rows and columns and make it useful for the purposes.
When the collection and verification of data is completed on the basis of
homogeneity and consistency, it needs to be summarized and presented in a
clear and compact manner which highlights the relevant features of data. Both
classification and tabulation, enhances the readability and attractiveness of data,
by presenting it in a manner that looks more appealing to the eyes.

1.12 Unit End Questions
1. Define Tabulation. Describe different pats of table. What precautions
should taken into consideration while preparing a statistical table ?
2. What is difference between Classification and Tabulation?
3. What is good table ? Point out the various types of tables ?
4. What are the different parts of a table ? Explain the main precautions you
will take in tabulating your data?

Asthana H.S, and Bhushan, B.(2007) Statistics for Social Sciences (with SPSS
Applications). Prentice Hall of India
B.L.Aggrawal (2009). Basic Statistics. New Age International Publisher, Delhi.
Gupta, S.C.(1990) Fundamentals of Statistics. Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai
Elhance, D.N: Fundamental of Statistics
Singhal, M.L: Elements of Statistics
Nagar, A.L. and Das, R.K.: Basic Statistics
Croxton Cowden: Applied General Statistics
Nagar, K.N.: Sankhyiki ke mool tatva
Gupta, BN : Sankhyiki
References
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteproxy.ruqli.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Faskanydifference.com%2Fdifference-between-classification-vs-
tabulation%2F&psig=AOvVaw19z0quh-
3GtsPc1oR80OqB&ust=1596384580285000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCIiK-9Sy--
oCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAh
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteproxy.ruqli.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.questionpro.com%2Fcross-
tabulation.html&psig=AOvVaw19z0quh-
3GtsPc1oR80OqB&ust=1596384580285000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCIiK-9Sy--
oCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAn
https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-classification-and-
tabulation.html#:~:text=The%20primary%20difference%20between%20classification,tabular%20form%2C%20for%20better
%20interpretation.
1.13 Suggested Readings

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