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Tactical prepareation in sport
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- 2. What isTactics? Tactics are the specific actions, sequences of actions, and schedules you use to fulfil your strategy Tactics are methods by which performers try to outwit (get the better of, beat) an opponent. Tactics are the skills required in any game that allows a player or team to effectively use their skills and talent to the best possible advantage Consists of tactical actions as well as other measures which are adopted before or during the competition for successful participation.
- 3. Tactical preparationrelates to measures (specially organized physical exercises, trials, mental drills, modelling etc.) whose aim is to instil/inspire/encourage cognitive competitive tactics. Tactical preparation enables athletes to make the most effective utilization of their motor and technical abilities in competitions. Strategy and tactics should not used interchangeably. Strategy is the overall plan for successful participation in competition where as tactics is the actual realisation of strategy in practice
- 4. Tactics aimsat hindering or negatively affecting the opponents through motor actions or other means. Use of certain type of behaviour or actions before or during the competition with the aim of achieving negative psychological effect on the opponent (language, gesture, warm up before competition starts)
- 5. Many timesin sports tactics aim at influencing the judgement or decision of the judges The means of tactics may be motor actions, gestures, behaviour or even language and it may be used before the competition or during the competition
- 6. Tactical actionis a motor action done with some tactical purpose. Tactical action is an activity which aims at optimum success and is done in consideration of total competition conditions, self strengths and weaknesses of the opponent Tactical action can be divided in to three phases A tactical action is of complex psycho-physical nature and its three phases are interlinked and
- 7. These phases are: 1.Perception and analysis of competition situation 2. Mental solution of the tactical task 3. Motor solution of the tactical task
- 8. Perception andanalysis of the competition situation is the first phase of a tactical action. The speed and accuracy of this phase is decisive. Memory plays a vital role in perception and analysis of the situation In addition to the stored experiences in the memory perception depends on several factors: Anticipation(eagerness), orientation(direction), interest, motivation etc.
- 9. On thebasis of the perceived situation the sports man has to analyse the situation and recognise the task to be tackled. Analysis is a complex cognitive process and depends much on the memory and the ability of the sportsman to think logically. Can be improved by training and should be adequately stressed in tactical training through appropriate means.
- 10. Finding mentalsolution for the perceived tactical task Depends on the stored experiences in the memory Important factors which influence or determine the speed and quality of mental solution are: Knowledge about one’s own abilities Knowledge about the abilities of the opponent The awareness of competition situation Experience Tactical knowledge Problem solving ability(tactical thinking)
- 11. Mental solutionof a tactical task is basically a decision making process on the basis available knowledge and alternatives. In sport, this decision making process runs faster if the situation is not new and the sportsman has experienced in the past. This ability can be significantly improved through training.
- 12. The mentalsolution realised through motor action ( i.e. motor solution). Motor solution is a motor action and, therefore, depends on motor coordination. It has both the psychic and physical elements; It depends on motor abilities and skills as well as on certain other physical qualities.
- 13. Aims atenabling the sportsman to effectively organise for the competition, and to compete successfully. it can be further divide in to following aims: Sports men should learn to perceive and analyse the competition situation quickly and effectively and should be able to quickly find a mental solution He should be able to quickly select and apply the skills, which he has learnt, for the best tactical results
- 14. He shouldbe able to compete in such a manner that he is able to outsmart his opponent He should be able to implement his competition plan effectively even under most difficult conditions He should be able to assess and analyse his own tactical behaviour as well as of his opponents.
- 15. The abovementioned aims can be achieved by accomplishing the following three things: Tactical knowledge Tactical skills Tactical abilities
- 16. In orderto accomplish the aims of tactics the sportsman must have the knowledge about: Rules and regulation of the game Should know when and where particular technique should be used to get the best tactical advantage Know means and possibilities of disturbing his opponent psychologically Should know in which way and up to what extent the judges, spectators etc, can influence his performance
- 17. Must learnto observe and analyze his own tactical behaviour as well as the behaviour of the other sportsmen Must know how to organize for the competition effectively
- 18. It isan automatised motor action Accusation of tactical skill is important to enable the sports men to enable the sportsman to do the required motor actions during competition without concentrating on the movement execution It needs: variations of tactical skills, creative tactical actions and mastered under competition conditions
- 19. It isthe capacity of the sportsmen to apply his physical and psychic abilities: The competition situation, differentiation of sensory input and perception of the situation
- 20. 1. Unityof theory and practice Theoretical preparation (lecture, discussions, explanations etc) should be meaningfully and effectively combined with the physical exercises for tactical preparation.
- 21. Correct andquick observation and perception of tactical situations and tasks is of important for high level of tactical mastery (developed through proper and systematic use of theoretical and practical and practical problem solving)
- 22. Tactical preparationmust aim at developing the: abilities Skills and knowledge of the sportsman to organize for the competition.
- 23. The sportsmanmust learn to formulate the competition plan himself on the basis of his tactical knowledge and tactical organization It gives a sense of confidence
- 24. A sportsmanmust possesses certain cognitive and emotional qualities to realise the competition plan under the competition condition
- 25. Each sportsmanmust know the means and possibilities of correctly assessing the tactical behaviour of himself and others Frequent lecture discussion about the matches and competition
- 26. Tactical actionsand behaviours are a conscious and creative activities and developed by exposing to new and unaccustomed situations The degree of difficulty should be progressively increased In each session new elements have to be introduced
- 27. Tactics isthe product of creative self effort Sportsman must always try to find new solutions to old situations He must learn to think creatively and tactically
- 28. Tactics areused both in team and individual activities. The tactics you use in an activity can depend on a number of different factors: 1) the strength of your team or your opponents. 2) The weaknesses of your team or your opponents. 3) The Physical Qualities of your team and your opponents. 4) The performance of your team and your opponents team.
- 29. Individual activitiescan employ certain tactics for success. In cycling, cyclists slipstream behind one another to reduce resistance. This allows them to pedal at the same rate as the leader but with less effort as they are not cycling into the wind.
- 30. In racketsports, a players tactic would be to make his opponent move in order to create space for a winning shot A player could play the tennis ball to the back of the court and the play the following shot to the front of the court so that it is difficult for the opponent to reach the ball.
- 31. Badminton: Opponent’sweakness is backhand . A 800m runner will decide a pace to run at and choose the right time to break from the other competitors.
- 32. Team activitiesemploy different tactics than individual activities. The tactics must be planned on a bigger scale as there are more people involved. These can be in the form of a “Game-plan” or “Structure” which can be adapted to suit changing situations throughout the duration of the activity if necessary. i.e. If your team is losing or you have a player sent off.
- 33. In teamactivities each member will have a certain position and role within the structure or strategy. This role will be determined by their individual strengths and weaknesses. For example, in Baseball, the best catchers would man the bases and the best throwers would play outfield.
- 34. We mustalso consider attack and defence tactics in team games. For example: Defence ‘A’ in Basketball could take the form of ‘man to man’ where each player is responsible for marking their opposite number. Defence ‘B’ could be the use of a Zone defence, where each defender marks space and not a particular player.