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Temporal and spatial analysis of the growth dynamics of large-scale tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas
Large-scale tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas can be categorized into four main types based on ownership, species used, stand structure, and objective. The document describes each type in terms of the areas concerned, geographical focus, common species, previous land uses, yields, and changes over the last 30 years. The four types include public protection plantations of exotic species (5 million ha), public production plantations of exotic species (6-9 million ha), public plantations of indigenous species for production (20 million ha), and public protection plantations of indigenous species (10-15 million ha).
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Temporal and spatial analysis of the growth dynamics of large-scale tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas
- 1. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 Adrien Péroches Research Program « Forest, Trees & Agroforestry » Temporal and spatial analysis of the growth dynamics of large- scale tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas Photo : D. Louppe
- 2. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 Objectives of the study General context of forest plantations worldwide and more particularly in tropical and sub-tropical areas Evolution of planted areas and roundwood production (Timber, woodfuel, pulp, protection) Typology of large-scale tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas identification of discriminating factors, description of identified types (localisation, planted species, covered areas, …) Spatial and temporal distribution of diverse plantation types and analyses of regional and local dynamics Trends in South-America, East and South-East Asia, Africa and Oceania Outlook of the evolution of tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas Production and sustainabilty 2
- 3. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 Definitions and Methodology What is a forest plantation ? “A forest composed mainly of trees established by planting and/or deliberate seedling, where planted and/or seeded trees constitute more than 50% of the mature growing stock” (FAO, 2012) What is a “Large-scale forest plantation” ? In this study we will qualify as "large-scale forest plantation" plantations of at least 50 ha in one piece or close enough in space to constitute a significant afforestation. Sources of information ? All this work is based on the existing literature (Articles, reports, conferences proceedings, books, FAOSTATS database) 3
- 4. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 I - General context of forest plantations worldwide 4 I.1 - Trends in tropical natural forest area and tree plantations worldwide Evolution of tree plantation areas by climate region between 1990 and 2015 (Payn et al., 2015) Trends in tropical natural forest area (in millions of hectares) over the period 1990-2015 in FAO FRA reports (Keenan et al., 2015)
- 5. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 I - General context of forest plantations worldwide 5 I.2 - Evolution of tree plantations areas worldwide Evolution of the world's forest plantation areas between 1990 and 2015 (FAO, 2015)
- 6. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 I - General context of forest plantations worldwide 6 I.3 - Evolution trends in tree plantations areas in tropical and subtropical regions Evolution of tree plantation areas (in millions of hectares) between 1990 and 2015 for the 20 countries with the largest planted forest areas in the world (Payn et al., 2015) Country Planting area in 2015 (in Mha) 1990- 2000 2000- 2005 2005- 2010 2010- 2015 Change from peak (in %) Annual change (in %) China 78,9 2,6 4,3 1,7 1,6 -2,7 India 12 2,3 5,8 3,3 1,6 -4,2 Brazil 7,7 0,4 1,7 4,4 2,1 -2,3 Sudan 6,1 0,4 0,8 0,3 0,6 -0,2 Indonesia 4,9 7 0,6 0,6 -6,4 Thailand 3,9 1,5 2,1 3 0 -3 Vietnam 3,6 7,8 5,7 7,1 -0,9 -8,7 Turkey 3,3 2,7 2,3 5,3 3,6 -1,7 Chile 3 1,3 1,3 2,9 5 0 Australia 2 1,4 6,7 3,2 1,2 -5,7 TOTAL 125,4 Evolution of the variation rate of planted forest area in the 10 countries with the largest areas planted in tropical and subtropical regions (In red the maximum values) (According to Payn et al., 2015)
- 7. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 I - General context of forest plantations worldwide 7 I.4 – Production from forest plantations worldwide Proportions (in %) of the global forest area covered by planted and natural forests and roundwood production from these two types of forests (FAO, 2017) Roundwood production from planted forests (in millions of m3) of the world's top 20 producing countries in 2012 (Payn et al., 2015)
- 8. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 I - General context of forest plantations worldwide 8 I.5 – Production from forest plantations in tropical and subtropical areas Roundwood production from tree plantations between 2000 and 2012 for 10 countries (in m3) (Adapted from Jürgensen et al., 2014) 0 20000000 40000000 60000000 80000000 100000000 120000000 140000000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Roundwood production (in m3) Years Brazil China Chili New-Zeland Australia South Africa Thailand Indonesia Argentina Uruguay According to Jürgensen et al. (2014), in 2012, the production of roundwood from tree plantations is 565 million m3 worldwide while the production in tropical and subtropical countries is estimated at about 325 million m3.
- 9. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 I - General context of forest plantations worldwide 9 I.5.1 – Woodfuel from forest plantations in tropical and subtropical areas Proportion of harvested roundwood volumes for energy use worldwide in 2011 (FAO, 2015) Most of woodfuel is collected in Africa (61 % in 2014) Economic contexts and policies encourage artisanal exploitation in natural forest, particularly during agricultural clearing, and on a small scale natural forests (FAOSTATS in : Doggart & Meshack, 2017) Tree plantations accounted for 15 to 20 % of the volumes of roundwood used for wood fuel production (Mead, 2005) The share of large-scale plantation is low in this production (Mead, 2005) Tree plantations of Asia and South-America are the most concerned by woodfuel production (Mugo & Ong, 2006 ; FAO, 2010)
- 10. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 I - General context of forest plantations worldwide 10 I.5.2 – Pulp from forest plantations in tropical and subtropical areas Pulp production is the first market for tree plantations of tropical and subtropical areas 75 % of the wood from tropical and subtropical tree plantations is destined for the paper industry (Jurgensen et al., 2014) Most of the production comes from fast-growing species (pines, eucalyptus and acacias) tree plantations (notably in New Zealand, Chile and Brazil) (Cossalter & Pye-Smith, 2003; Dillen et al., 2016) Historically, most of the production came from European and North American plantations Production in tropical and subtropical areas has grown strongly since the 1990s, particularly in South America (+40 % between 1997 and 2007) and Asia (+76 % between 1997 and 2007) (Honnold, 2009) Roundwood volumes (in millions of m3) from fast-growing tree plantations for pulp production in 1994, 2010 and 2020 (projections) (Dillen et al., 2016)
- 11. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 I - General context of forest plantations worldwide 11 I.5.3 – Timber production from forest plantations in tropical and subtropical areas Production of timber from tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas was estimated as represented 15-20 % of all roundwood extracted annually or about 50-65 millions m3 (Mead, 2005; Jürgensen et al., 2014; GIZ, 2015; Payn et al., 2015; Dillen et al., 2016) Timber production from tree plantations has been increased since 1990 and is separated in 2 types (Varmola & Carle, 2002; Kollert & Cherubini, 2012) : “Low" quality products such as plywood and reconstituted panels (from eucalyptus, pine or acacia) Precious wood (in many cases teak, covering 15 millions hectares in 2010 (Kollert & Cherubini, 2012) Teck plantation (7 years, in association with coffee plants) in India Photo : D. Depommier
- 12. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 I - General context of forest plantations worldwide 12 I.5.4 – Plantations intended for environmental protection Historically, a number of those plantations have been installed to protect soils from erosion, more particularly in Asia (Payn et al., 2015) In the more recent past, protection plantations have been set up for carbon storage (notably as part of the REDD+ process) and biodiversity protection and preservation (Louppe, 2011; Silva et al., 2018) In this study, by crossing sources, we estimated that plantations intended for environmental protection covered around 25 and 30 millions hectares worldwide More than 80 % of these plantations for protection are located in Asia (Del Lungo et al., 2006 ; Payn et al., 2015) All around the world, as on the hills of North-Est of Haiti, Acacia auriculiformis is used to protect soils from erosion, Photo : A. Peroches
- 13. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 II – Typology of large-scale tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas 13 II.1 – Identification of discriminating factors between major types of large-scale tree plantations Discriminating factors Categories 1 - Ownership of plantation Public plantations Private Company’s plantations Private plantations owned by smallholders 2 - Origin of planted species Exotic Native 3 - Number of species planted Mono-specific Multi-specific 4 - Production objective of the plantation Woodfuel Pulp Timber Protection Proportion of forests planted with exotic species, based on FAO regional breakdown (Payn et al., 2015)
- 14. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 II – Typology of large-scale tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas 14 II.2 – Construction of the typology of large-scale tree plantations based on discriminating factors
- 15. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 II – Typology of large-scale tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas 15 II.2 – Construction of the typology of large-scale tree plantations based on discriminating factors Represented less than 0,1 % of of all industrial plantation areas worldwide (Nichols et al., 2006) Represented less than 0,1 % of of all industrial plantation areas worldwide (Nichols et al., 2006)
- 16. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 II – Typology of large-scale tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas 16 II.2 – Construction of the typology of large-scale tree plantations based on discriminating factors
- 17. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 II – Typology of large-scale tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas 17 II.3 – Main characteristics of the identified plantation types TYPE 1 : Public plantations, with a monospecific stand of exotic species. These plantations have a protection objective. Areas concerned ≈ 5 million hectares Main geographical areas concerned Asia (Mainly in China and India) Africa (Mainly in Tunisia) Main species planted Acacia, Eucalyptus, pine, poplar, teak Previous land use Degraded areas and areas threatened by desertification Average yield Approx. 5 m3/ha/year Surface changes over the last 30 years Strong growth in the late 1990s and 2000s, particularly through Chinese government programs. Strong growth in Tunisia between 1990 and 2015. Still growing in Asia and Tunisia. References Chokkalingam et al., 2006; Del Lungo et al., 2006; Dhahri & Ben Jamâa, 2008; Jacovelli, 2014; Duponnois et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2014; FAO, 2015; Wolosin, 2017
- 18. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 II – Typology of large-scale tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas 18 II.3 – Main characteristics of the identified plantation types TYPE 2 : Public plantations, with a monospecific stand of exotic species. These plantations have a production objective Areas concerned 6 to 9 million hectares Main geographical areas concerned Asia (mainly in China and India), Africa (Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Morocco, Ethiopia, Madagascar, etc.) and Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) Main species planted Acacia, Eucalyptus, pine, poplar, teak Previous land use Degraded areas or agricultural lands Average yield 10 to 40 m3/ha/year Surface changes over the last 30 years Strong growth, particularly in Asia until the 2000s. Still growing over the last two decades, but to a lesser extent, the states generally in favour of the private sector for this type of plantation. References Barr & Cossalter, 2004; Del Lungo et al., 2006; Kollert & Cherubini, 2012; Ferguson, 2014; Liu et al., 2014; Rhodes & Stephen, 2014; Wolosin, 2017; Dubiez et al., 2018
- 19. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 II – Typology of large-scale tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas 19 II.3 – Main characteristics of the identified plantation types TYPE 3 : Public plantations, with a monospecific or plurispecific stand of indigenous species. These plantations have a production objective (mainly timber, wood fuel or multi-uses). Areas concerned ≈ 20 millions hectares Main geographical areas concerned Asia (Mainly in China and India) Africa (Mainly in Sudan, over a few tens of thousands of hectares in Gabon or Côte d'Ivoire) Main species planted Chinese fir trees, Poplars, Acacias from Africa, Teak Previous land use Agricultural land, savannah areas and degraded forest areas Average yield Varies according to the species. Generally, relatively low (< 5 m3/ha/year) Surface changes over the last 30 years Strong growth, particularly in China since 1990. Weak dynamics in Sudan, with most plantations being old. References Del Lungo et al., 2006; Gafaar, 2011; Marien et al., 2013; Jacovelli, 2014; Wolosin, 2017; Chevalier, 2018
- 20. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 II – Typology of large-scale tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas 20 II.3 – Main characteristics of the identified plantation types TYPE 4 : Public plantations, with a monospecific or plurispecific stand of indigenous species. These plantations have a protection objective. Areas concerned 10 to 15 millions hectares Main geographical areas concerned Asia (Mainly in China and India) Main species planted Chinese fir trees, Poplars Previous land use Degraded forest and/or agricultural areas Average yield Varies according to the species. Generally, relatively low (< 5 m3/ha/year) Surface changes over the last 30 years Strong increase, particularly in China, over the last 30 years based on government programs. References Del Lungo et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2014; Wolosin, 2017
- 21. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 II – Typology of large-scale tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas 21 II.3 – Main characteristics of the identified plantation types TYPE 5 : Plantations of industrial companies, whose forest stand is monospecific and composed of exotic species. These plantations have a production objective (timber, pulp and paper, energy wood). In this case, the land may belong to the producing company or it may belong to the state but bequeathed in the form of a concession. Areas concerned 25 to 35 millions hectares Main geographical areas concerned Asia (Indonesia, Thailand, India) South America (Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay) Oceania (Australia, New Zealand) Africa (Mainly in South Africa and Congo) Main species planted Acacia, Eucalyptus, pine, teak Previous land use Mainly degraded lands and grassy savannah areas. 6 to 7% of the plantation areas of all types are the result of deforestation. This is particularly true in Chile and Indonesia. Average yield 15 to 60 m3/ha/year Surface changes over the last 30 years Strong growth, particularly over the last 15 years. It is the dominant model in tropical and subtropical areas. References Zobel et al. 1987; Cossalter & Pye-Smith, 2003; Mugo & Ong, 2006; FAO, 2010 ; Thu et al. 2010; Tassin, 2011; Kollert & Cherubini, 2012; Elias & Boucher, 2014; Martin, 2014; Nambiar & Hardwood, 2014; Szulecka et al., 2014; Andersson, et al. 2015; Payn et al. 2015; WWF, 2015; Cateau et al. 2018
- 22. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 II – Typology of large-scale tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas 22 II.3 – Main characteristics of the identified plantation types TYPE 6 : Plantations of industrial companies with a mono/plurispecific stand of indigenous species. These plantations have a specific timber production objective. In this case, the land may belong to the producing company or it may belong to the state but bequeathed in the form of a concession. Areas concerned < 5 millions hectares Main geographical areas concerned Asia Africa Main species planted Varies according to geographical areas. Largely dominated by teak (in native countries) in Asia. Previous land use Generally in degraded forest areas Average yield Varies according to the species. Generally relatively low outside teak (< 5 m3/ha/year) and between 10 and 20 m3/ha/year for teak Surface changes over the last 30 years Increase in teak in Asia (particularly in India), stable due to the low economic interest of this type of plantation for a majority of other species. References Marien & Mallet, 2004; Elias & Boucher, 2014; Karsenty, 2018
- 23. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 II – Typology of large-scale tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas 23 II.3 – Main characteristics of the identified plantation types TYPE 7 : Private plantations of small aggregate owners, with a monospecific stand of exotic species. These plantations have a production objective (timber, wood fuel, multi-use) Areas concerned < 5 millions hectares Main geographical areas concerned Asia Africa Main species planted Eucalyptus, pine and acacia Previous land use Degraded forests, wooded savannahs Average yield 10 to 20 m3/ha/year Surface changes over the last 30 years Low development on a global scale. Development strongly correlated with initial public, private or NGO investment. References Enters et al., 2004; Del Lungo et al., 2006; Bisiaux et al., 2009; Verhaegen et al., 2014; Trial et al., 2017; Dubiez et al., 2018
- 24. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 III – Spatial and temporal distribution of différents plantation types and analyses of regional and local dynamics 24 III.1 – South America Evolution of industrial forest plantation areas in Chile between 1950 and 2010 in hectares (Andersson et al., 2015) South America has just over 15 million hectares of planted forests (EFIATLANTIC et al., 2013) 88% of which are exotic species, the majority of which are eucalyptus (70%) and pine (25%) (ITTO, 2009; Payn et al., 2015). In this region, the strong growth of tree plantations (+3.2% per year over the decade 2000-10) is driven by the private sector, supported by favourable state land and tax policies (ITTO, 2009; EFIATLANTIC et al., 2013) This area is the most representative of the current development of type 5 plantations according to the typology established in this study.
- 25. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 III – Spatial and temporal distribution of différents plantation types and analyses of regional and local dynamics 25 III.2 – East and South-East Asia Asia is the leading continent in terms of forest plantation area, with nearly 123 million hectares (EFIATLANTIC et al., 2013) Historically, the development of tree plantations has been based on public projects and funds, one of the main objectives being the protection of soil and water resources (Wolosin, 2017). Today 30 % of tree plantations have this purpose A significant proportion of plantations are therefore public and meet the types 1, 2, 3 and 4 identified and defined in this study (Enters et al., 2004; Del Lungo et al., 2006; Wolosin, 2017) As in most tropical and subtropical regions, since the late 1990s and early 2000s, there has been a growing interest and strong development of industrial business plantations (Type 5), particularly in South-East Asian countries such as Indonesia or Thailand (Michon, 2003; Enters et al., 2004; FAO, 2007; Szulecka et al., 2014; Wolosin, 2017) Evolution of areas (black curve, in thousands of hectares) and standing timber stocks (blue curve, in million m3) in China between 1973 and 2013 (Liu et al., 2014)
- 26. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 III – Spatial and temporal distribution of différents plantation types and analyses of regional and local dynamics 26 III.3 – Oceania Oceania has 4.1 million hectares of planted forests. 92 % of these plantations are in Australia and New Zealand 79% of which are planted with exotic species (mainly pine and eucalyptus) (Enters et al., 2004; Carle & Holmgren, 2008; EFIATLANTIC et al., 2013; Payn et al., 2015) Private plantations gradually developed from the 1960s onwards The growth increased in the 1990s, encouraged by a proactive public policy, until they surpassed the weight of the public sector in the early 2000s (Enters et al., 2004; Rhodes & Stephens, 2014). Evolution of forest plantation areas (in ha) by ownership type in Australia between 1935 and 2003 (Enters et al., 2004)
- 27. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 III – Spatial and temporal distribution of différents plantation types and analyses of regional and local dynamics 27 III.4 – Africa Africa has 16.3 million hectares of planted forests (FAO, 2015) Two countries, Sudan and South Africa, with 6.1 and 1.75 million hectares planted respectively, represent the main continent's planted forests (Jacovelli, 2014; FAO, 2015; Cateau et al., 2018). Apart from the specific case of South Africa, most African plantations are public (EFIATLANTIC et al., 2013) Plantation growth on the African continent is one of the lowest in the world (Payn et al., 2015) Large planting campaigns whose results did not meet expectations took place in the 1970s and 1980s and relatively few since the disengagement of the States in the 1990s (Marien & Mallet, 2004; Louppe, 2011; Hamel & Dameron, 2011; Chevalier, 2018). View of the Mampu plantation (left part of the trail), located on the savannahs (right part of the trail) of the Batéké Plateau (DRC) as part of a public project of the late 80s Photo : A. Peroches
- 28. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 IV – Outlook of the evolution of tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas 28 IV.1 – Evolution of demand Projection of the demand trend for roundwood (in millions of m3) worldwide between 2010 and 2050 (INDUFOR, 2012) Evolution of global demand for roundwood (GDP) and world population between 1960 and 2016 (FAO, 2017)
- 29. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 IV – Outlook of the evolution of tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas 29 IV.2 – Evolution of production Forecasts of global trends demand for roundwood (blue curve, in billions of m3) and production from tree plantations (red curve, in billions of m3) between 2012 and 2050 (Barua et al., 2014 from INDUFOR, 2012) Evolution of forest plantation areas (in millions of hectares) by continent by 2050 (INDUFOR, 2012)
- 30. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 IV – Outlook of the evolution of tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas 30 IV.2 – A dominant model with sustainability challenges Type 5 (Private company’s plantations, monospecific, exotic species) criticized for social and environmental impacts even if, economically, it is the most competitive type of large-scale plantation (Cossalter & Pye-Smith, 2003 ; Pirard et al., 2016 ; Malkamäki et al., 2018) Certification labels are criticized too by some NGO’s like WWF The dominant type is probably not the only solution to reduce pressure on natural forests. According to different contexts, all types can be part of solution Type 5 Type 4 Type 3 Type 7 Type 6 Type 2 Type 1 Position of large-scale forest plantation types in the land use classification by Brockerhoff et al .(2008)
- 31. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 IV – Outlook of the evolution of tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas 31 IV.3 – Which model in the future ? Today, it seems essential to promote models with varying levels of intensity depending on: the level of forest ecosystem degradation, the needs of local populations, the availability of financial and technical resources and access to land. For example, concerning forest restauration, Chazdon (2008) has outlined the strategies that could be implemented according to these different parameters in the form of a "stairs diagram". Several authors recommend to develop restoration strategies and different types of plantations under local development programmes as part of multifunctional forest landscape management policies which involve local populations (Brockerhoff et al., 2008; Barua et al., 2014; Payn et al., 2014; Payn et al., 2015; WWF, 2015) The restoration forest strairs diagram. Depending on the level of degradation of an initially forested ecosystem, various management approaches can restore at least partially the levels of biodiversity and the ecosystem services, with an adequate investment of time (years) and money (capital, infrastructure and labour). (Chazdon, 2008)
- 32. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 V – Conclusion & recommandations 32 Tree plantations have been growing worldwide since 1990, although their growth has slowed down over the past decade In tropical and subtropical areas, South America and East & South-East Asia are the most dynamic regions in terms of areas planted over the last three decades Out of the seven types of large-scale plantations identified in tropical and subtropical areas, one type largely dominates the sector : industrial companies’ plantations, monospecific, planted with exotic species This type has been the historical model in Oceania and is currently growing rapidly in South America and Southeast Asia. China, the leading country in terms of forest plantation area, has shifted to public plantations, often with environmental protection objectives before having wood production objectives. However, Chinese plantations remain at 85% monospecific. The majority of new plantations in the world adopt the dominant model, despite facing many criticisms especially for its environmental and social impacts The development of forest plantation certification, particularly FSC, in the 1990s have failed to silence criticism of this planting model
- 33. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 V – Conclusion & recommandations 33 With the growing environmental challenges resulting from ongoing climate change and the growing demand for wood products, it seems clear that tree plantations, particularly large-scale in tropical and subtropical areas, where productivity rates are the highest in the world, and far higher than those of natural forests, will have a role to play in the years to come. The promotion of a diversity of plantations within multifunctional landscapes that are managed and consistent with each other will require : The development of innovative financing methods (public and private), Involving local actors and in particular local populations, The development by research institutions of set of practices relatively easy to implement other than those based on exotic species with rapid growth in monoculture.
- 34. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 V – Conclusion & recommandations 34 Stakeholders Recommendations for action Private managers Progress in certification processes (homogenization and optimization) Clarify "Zero Deforestation" commitments and commit sustainably to its principles Develop "win-win" systems such as "Nucleus Estate and Smallholders scheme" in operating areas to enable better local development and a reduction in land conflicts with neighboring stakeholders Public authorities Promote coherent land use plan policies that are conducive to the development of different types of complementary plantations Ensure that the establishment of private companies, particularly type 5 companies, does not generate negative social impacts but results in coherent local development in socio-economic and environmental terms Promote public research and development policies that promote the development of different types of complementary tree plantations Directly promote and finance alternative plantation projects (multi-specific with local species, for protection purposes, in order to ensure a greater diversity of existing plantation types on a large scale Promote the recycling of products from wood resources to reduce pressure on forest stands Research institutions Conduct alternative research on plantations (other than those consisting solely of exotic monoculture species) in order to promote the commercial development of these alternative types of plantations Continue to measure the socio-economic and environmental impacts of the different types of existing tree plantations Non-Environmental Organization Maintain efforts to analyze the impacts of tree plantations in order to improve their development and management Contribute to the improvement of certification standards and their adoption Support, where possible, the development of plantations within a sustainable development framework
- 35. Montpellier, July 8-9,2019 Thanks for your attention! 35 Adrien PEROCHES Agrarian Systems Consulting [email protected]
Editor's Notes
- #3 Presentation of objectives of the study. This power point is following this plan.
- #4 Before starting the presentation of the results of this study, just 3 framing éléments.
- #5 The graphic on the left of the slide showing that natural tropical forest area is decreasing for few decades. In the same time, as shown by the graphic on the right of the slide, forest plantations are increasing wordlwide, including under tropics and subtropics. In this context of natural tropical forest diminution and the tree plantation growth, it is interested to understand well issues about planted forest to reduce the pressure on natural ecosystems and assure a sustainable supply of timber products to world populations.
- #6 This map from FAO showing us that tree plantations has been increasing almost everywhere around the world from 1990 to nowadays but not at the same rate. More specifically under tropics and subtropics, the dynamic is more important in China and India than in South America where is itself more important than in Africa.
- #7 Now, if we give a look to the graphic in the left of this slide, wich presents the evolution of planted areas in the 20 countries with the largest planted forest areas in the world, we can find 10 countries of tropical and subtropical regions. China is largely dominating this classification. In these 10 countries, forest plantations areas increased between 1990 and 2015 but not all the time at the same pace. The most dynamic périod was the decade 2000-2010. Since 2010, except in Vietnam and Thailand, tree plantation areas are still increasing but slower than during the last decade.
- #8 Even if tree plantations represent only 7 % of forest area around the world, according to FAO, they provide 47 % of the world demand for roundwood. Much of this production comes from large-scale plantations, sometimes named "industrial“. That is why it is our subject today, because these large-scale plantations are strategic for timber products supplies in the world. The second graphic, on the left of the slide showing us the roundwood top producing countries in 2012. China wich is the first country in terms of tree plantation area is only the third producer. At the contrary, Brazil is the second producer of roundwood with “only” 7.7 millions hectares of plantations. According to this graphic, we can suppose that the strategy of these two countries is probably different.
- #9 More than 50 % of roundwood from tree plantations come from tropical and subtropical areas. The biggest part of the production is assumed by few countries (Brazil, China, Chili and New-Zeland). However, these countries implement différent planting and production strategies. As showing the small graphic on the left of the slide, in South America and Oceania, more than 80% of production comes from industrial plantations, while in Asia, it represents only 43% of production and only 37% in Africa.
- #10 In many countries in tropical and subtropical areas, the roundwood collected is mainly used to meet people's energy demand, as shown by the map on the slide. However, most of the energy wood harvested remains from natural forests, more particularly in Africa. Price of woodfuel are low and not enough profitable for many large-scale plantations.
- #11 Around 40 to 45 % of the world's roundwood from tree plantations is destined for the paper industry. This phenomena is particularly important in tropical and subtropical areas with 75 % of the roundwood production from forest plantations destinated to pulp production. This production principally located in South América and Oceania, but Asia has been strongly entered in this production from 20 years to nowadays (+76 % between 1997 and 2007).
- #12 Production of timber from tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas was estimated by crossing difference sources. We estimate it represents 15-20 % of all roundwood extracted annually or about 50-65 millions m3. The increase in the production of precious woods and especially teak has been achieved by an increase in plantation areas along with silvicultural and genetic progress that have reduced rotation times by 2 (25 to 30 years compared to 60 to 90 previously)
- #13 Few plantations are destinated to protection. Generally, these tree plantations have been installed to protect soils from erosion or more recently for carbon storage. No recent datas are available. The most precise number about these forest plantations are in the study of Del lungo (in 2006). Neverless, by crossing sources we estimated the covered area by tree plantations destinated to protection at 25 to 30 million hectares worldwide.
- #14 NOTES : Ownership of plantation : In the case of private plantations (of companies or smallholders), the land may belong to the private person in charge of the plantation or to the state. Origin of planted species : Most part of tree plantations in tropical and subtropical areas are planted with only 4 species (Eucalyptus, Pin, Acacia and Teck) very intensively manage. As showing by the graphic on the right of this slide, the proportion of exotic species in plantations is variable according to the different regions of the world. Number of species planted : Biodiversity and management are very different between mono or multi-specific plantations. Production objective : It should be noted that this point can changed over time, as a plantation intended for protection may in some cases be exploited later.
- #15 Based on the discriminating factors, I represented the typology by a decision tree. You can see on this representation that some potential types had been eliminated and others are covering several potential types.
- #16 1 – Except in research places as the CRDPI of Pointe-Noire, it doesn’t exist pluri-specific plantations with exotic species. That’s why I removed these types.
- #17 5 – No examples of such plantations using indigenous species or multi-species plantations have been identified in the bibliography. Like companies, smallholders prefer exotic species in monoculture because seeds are easily accessible, silvicultural techniques are known and growth is rapid. Last point, if local species are well represented in village systems in other forms: isolated trees, shade trees in agroforests, trees conserved by assisted natural regeneration, small plantations of a few hectares scattered in the space of mosaic agricultural/savannah/forest areas, these types of small area plantations are not covered by the scope of this study. So is removed from the typology.
- #18 It is complicated to give all characteristics in every type. There is more details in the report. Most important elements are given on the following slides.
- #29 These deux graphics both showing that demand of timber products is quickly increasing, in the same time than world population.
- #30 Tree plantations areas will increase in tropical and subtropical areas in next decades… but not enough to cover the global demand.
- #31 Brockerhoff et al (2008) established a classification of land uses including tree plantations (of all areas) whose main criteria was the intensity of exploitation of the ecosystem. The different types of large-scale tree plantations identified in this study have been included to this classification. We can see that all type of plantation doesn’t have the same impact about ecosystems.
- #33 At the end of this overview, we can synthetise few recommandations to tree plantations managers (public or private), research centers, NGO’s…
- #34 At the end of this overview, we can synthetise few recommandations to tree plantations managers (public or private), research centers, NGO’s…
- #35 At the end of this overview, we can synthetise few recommandations to tree plantations managers (public or private), research centers, NGO’s… We are short in time to read everything but the information is here if you need.