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Terrestrial Biomes
The document discusses various biomes, detailing the characteristics, adaptations of plants and animals, and the impact of human activity on these ecosystems. It emphasizes the importance of conservation efforts, such as sustainable agriculture, education, and restoration initiatives to protect biodiversity. Each biome, including tropical rainforests, temperate forests, grasslands, and deserts, is described in terms of abiotic factors and species interactions.
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Terrestrial Biomes
- 1. JOEMAR J. CABRADILLA Ph.D Science Education Student Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
- 2. Biomes are themajor regional groupings of plants and animals discernible at a global scale. To understand the nature of biomes one needs to learn The types of animals (especially vertebrates) characteristic of the biome Their typical morphological, physiological, and/or behavioral adaptations to the environment
- 3. Global distributionpattern 1. Where each biome is found and how each varies geographically 2. A given biome may be composed of different taxa on different continents The dominant, characteristic, and unique growth forms 1. vertical stratification 2. leaf shape, size, and habit 3. special adaptations of the vegetation
- 6. occupy approximatelyone-third of Earth’s land area account for over two-thirds of the leaf area of land plants contain about 70% of carbon present in living things are major casualties of deforestation, pollution, and industrial usage forest biomes are classified according to numerous characteristics, with seasonality being the most widely used
- 7. Location: Found near equator…little variation in temperatures. No distinct seasonal changes. Earth's most complex land biome
- 8. TROPICAL RAIN FOREST Abiotic factors high biodiversity and biomass both hot and moist; ideal for bacteria and other microorganisms; they quickly decompose matter on the forest floor allowing nutrients to be recycled. <1 cm of topsoil About 100 in/yr of rainfall
- 9. TROPICAL RAIN FOREST Plant Adaptations Sunlight is a major limiting factor Plants grow in layers (canopy receives most light) Shallow, wide roots since soil is so thin and poor in nutrients Little sun reaches the floor
- 10. Wagler’s Pit Viper TROPICAL RAIN FOREST Animal Adaptations Many animals are specialists and require special habitat components to survive. Camouflage is common Many symbiotic relationships Live in different levels of canopy Slender Loris Silvery Gibbon
- 11. Humans stripthe rainforests for uses including logging and cattle ranching. Clearing for agriculture, timber and urban development Conversion of diverse forest to tree plantations. Damage from off-roads vehicles. Pollution of forest streams Timber and mineral extraction Transparent Butterfly Toucan Red-eyed frog Tanager White Faced Monkey Tropical King Snake
- 12. A. Prevention Protect the most diverse and endangered areas. Educate settlers about sustainable agriculture and forestry. Subsidize only sustainable forest use Certify sustainable grown timber Reduce Poverty Slow population growth B. Restoration Encourage regrowth through secondary succession Rehabilitate degraded areas Concentrate farming and ranching in already cleared areas
- 13. Location: found intemperate zone (about 480 North latitude) Much of the human population lives in this biome TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST Abiotic factors Well-defined seasons with a distinct winter characterize this forest biome Moderate climate and a growing season of 140-200 days during 4-6 frost-free months distinguish temperate forests Temperature varies from -30° C to 30° C.
- 14. Plant Adaptations Canopy Oak Willow Moderately dense Allows light to penetrate Resulting in well-developed and richly diversified understory vegetation and stratification of animals Flora is characterized by 3-4 tree species per square kilometer Trees are distinguished by broad leaves that are lost annually Beech Mapple
- 15. Animal Adaptations Animalsliving within this biome must adjust to cold winters and hot summers by hibernating, migrating, or keeping active all winter. Least Weasel Raccoon White-tailed Deer
- 16. Many forests are cleared to provide housing for humans. Careful use of the resource can provide a renewable system if we don’t take too much habitat away. Larch Needles Oak Hemlock Maple
- 17. Location: Found onlyin Northern Hemisphere
- 18. Abiotic Factors Winters are long and cold Averages 100 in/yr precipitation— mostly snow Soil poor in nutrients and very acidic Growing season is very short
- 19. Plant Adaptations Coniferous (needle-bearing) trees are abundant Roots long to anchor trees Needles long, thin and waxy Low sunlight and poor soil keeps plants from growing on forest floor Fire Weed Balsam Fir Black Spruce Dauglas Fir
- 20. Mining operationscan irreparably damage this fragile ecosystem. Pollution left behind can also put animals and plants at risk. Moose Great Grey Owl Hemlock Lynx
- 21. Characterized as lands dominated by grasses rather than large shrubs or trees. Largest land animals are present due to huge vegetation. Grasslands are big open spaces. There are not many bushes in the grassland. Trees are found only by rivers and streams. Wheat Grass Coneflower Kangaroo Paws Tumble Weed
- 22. Always found inwarm or hot climates where the annual rainfall is from about 50.8 to 127 cm (20-50 inches) per year Characterized by a continuous cover of perennial grasses, often 3 to 6 feet tall at maturity Many plants have thorns and sharp leaves to protect against predation. Reproduce during rainy season—ensures more young survive Whistling Thorn Chacma Baboon
- 23. Invasive species Changesin fire management Elephant Because of their low elevation, some savannas are threatened by minor rises in sea level associated with global climate change Koala Bear
- 24. Summer temperaturescan be well over 38° C (100 degrees Fahrenheit. Winter temperatures can be as low as -40° C (-40 degrees Fahrenheit). Deep and dark, with fertile upper layers Seasonal drought, occasional fires, and grazing by large mammals all prevent woody shrubs and trees from invading and becoming established Asters Clovers Sunflowera
- 25. Overgrazing…nomadic tribes havestarted to spend more time in one location, Infrastructure development (roads, buildings, etc) Unmanaged hunting and poaching is destroying herds of animals Lynx Corsac Fox Praire Dogs bobcat Wild Goat King Protea
- 26. Coldest ofall the biomes Comes from the Finnish word tunturia, meaning treeless plain Frost-molded landscapes Extremely low temperatures Little precipitation Poor nutrients Average winter temperature is -34° C (-30° F) Average summer temperature is 3-12° C (37-54° F) which enables this biome to sustain life. yearly precipitation, including melting snow, is 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches)
- 27. Large, compactbodies A thick insulating cover of feathers or fur Pelage and plumage that turns white in winter, brown in summer Ability to accumulate thick deposits of fat during the short growing season Insulation and as a store of energy for use during the winter, when animal species remain active Cyclical fluctuations in population size. Arctic Fox Polar Bear Snowy Owl Caribou Yellow Tundra Flower
- 28. Deserts cover aboutone fifth of the Earth’s surface and occur where rainfall is less than 50 cm/year. Most deserts occur at low latitudes Most deserts have a considerable amount of specialized vegetation, as well as specialized vertebrate and invertebrate animals.
- 29. Abiotic Factors Less than 10 in./year of rain Little to no topsoil due to high winds. Minerals not deep in soil. Too dry for decay While there are many types of deserts, they all share one characteristic: They are the driest places on Earth!
- 30. Plant/Animal Adaptations Spines Succulents Thick, waxy cuticle Shallow, broad roots Get water from food Thick outer coat Burrow during day Large ears Smaller animals means less surface area BarrelCactus Ocotillo Sonoran Desert Bobcate Javelina Armadillo Lizard
- 31. Residential development Off road recreational activities destroy habitat for plants and animals. Some plants are removed by collectors, endangering the population. Prickly Pear Cactus Thorny Devil Saguaro Cactus Cactus Wren
- 32. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/index.html http://www.enchantedlearning.com/biomes/marsh/freshwater.sht ml http://mbgnet.mobot.org/ http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/i ntro.html http://archive.globe.gov/sda-bin/ wt/ghp/tg+L(en)+P(seasons/Miniinvestigation) http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/ecoregions/gl obal200/pages/home.htm
- 33. JOEMAR J. CABRADILLA Student Ph.D Science Education DR. GERTRUDES BERNARDO Professor Environmental Planning and Management for Sustainable Development