Uploaded byEllen Kamhi, PhD, RN, AHG, AHN-BC
The alkaloids1[1]
The document discusses various types of alkaloids found in plants, including their chemical properties, biological functions, and medicinal uses. It describes that alkaloids often have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring and are bitter tasting. Over 10,000 alkaloids have been identified from a wide range of plants. Examples of important medicinal alkaloids mentioned include morphine, caffeine, reserpine, and quinine. The document also summarizes key alkaloid groups such as isoquinolines, purines, and indoles, and specific alkaloids such as berberine, cocaine, and yohimbine.
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The alkaloids1[1]
- 1. The Alkaloids Alkaloids areorganic compounds with at least one nitrogen atom, usually in a heterocyclic ring Difficult to define Do not represent a homogeneous group on the chemical, biochemical or physiological viewpoint Most either sedate or stimulate
- 2. The Alkaloids Alkaloids endin the suffix -INE – Caffeine, Ephedrine, Morphine, Berberine, Reserpine, Nicotine, Lobeline etc. – They are all structurally diverse – Bitter taste – Over 10,000 have been ID’ed and many new alkaloids are described daily
- 3. Alkaloids: Chemistry Extremely varied CommonFeatures: – 1. They are sparingly soluble in water – 2. Most are solid at room temperature, except, nicotine, coniine (Conium maculatum) and sparteine (Scotch Broome) – 3. Most are basic do to their amino nitrogen
- 4. Function of alkaloidsin Plants • Poisonous agents that protect the plants against insects, fungus, predators • End products of nitrogen detoxification • Regulate growth factors • Reserve substances which can supply nitrogen when needed
- 5. DISTRIBUTION OF ALKALOIDS • Foundin animal kingdom in Fire ants & Toad venom • Most occur in annual flowering plants • Often poisonous but can also be powerful medicine
- 6. Medicinal Alkaloids Morphine- analgesic-Opium poppy Ephedrine- stimulant- Ephedra, Ma Huang Reserpine- relaxant- Rauwolfia serpentina ( Indian snakeroot) Theophylline- bronchial relaxant- Camellia sinensis (tea) Quinine- anti-malarial agent-Chinchona Berberine- antimicrobial- Golden Seal, Barberry
- 7. Monocyclic Alkaloids Contain onlyone ring. Nicotine
- 8. Bicyclic Alkaloids Tropane- 1,4nitrogen bridge
- 9. Polycyclic Alkaloids include strychnine,lysergic acid, cannabinol, morphine, heroin and codeine.
- 10. Actions of Alkaloids •Antidepressants • Respiratory stimulation • Cardiac stimulants • Muscle relaxants • Addictive • • • • • • • Nervous stimulation Nervous suppression Analgesia Antimicrobial Entheogenic Mydriatics (atropine) Miotics (Physostigmine, Pilocarpine)
- 11. Pyrrolidine (5) andPiperidine (6) • The nitrogen is either in a 5 or 6 member ring • Very poisonous in nature
- 12. Poison Hemlock Conium maculatum Poisonused to kill Socrates
- 13. Coniine from waterhemlock • Used in Homeopathic medicine for extreme vertigo, dizziness • Weakness, nausea & motion sickness • Piperidine 6 sided ring
- 14. Lobelia (Lobelia inflata) • antismokingpreparations • Competitive antagonist- nicotine • Relaxant and bronchodilator • Contains 14 alkaloids- lobeline • Asthma, bronchitis • Adverse effects: nausea, dizzinesssimilar to caffeine • Do not use during pregnancy/nursing
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- 16. Nicotine Source:http://www.intox.org/databank/documents/supplem/supp/sup2_60.gif • • • • 50 mg isFATAL Used as an insecticide Extremely toxic alkaloid Cholinergic receptor agonist http://www.answers.com/topic/nicotin • Enhances acetylcholine • Muscles ‘twitch’ and spasm • Then respiratory paralysis
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- 18. Lobelia Smoking Cessation Neuro AssociativeConditioning: - smoke cigarette, followed by 10 drops of lobelia extract/tincture – Repeat until nauseous – Smoking = Nausea instead of Smoking = Pleasure Cold Turkey Support: Go cold turkey - take 10 drops lobelia to arrest the urge Substitution: Smoke lobelia, works well with mullein
- 19. Tropane alkaloids : PHOTO http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/giftzentrale/pflanzen/engelstrompete.jpg Condensed pyrrolidinepipidinealkaloids Found in the Solanaceajimsonweed, henbane, belladonna, mandrake -Brugmansia (Angels Trumpet)tree datura, LEFT) Hallucinogenic
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- 21. Jimson Weed Intentional misuse-eat seeds, drink tea and/or smoke cigarettes made from dried flowers Found in classic herbal asthma preparation: Asthmador Barter's Powder Kinsman's Asthmatic Powder Green Mountain Asthmatic Compound Haywood's Powder
- 22. Cocaine: Tropane alkaloid •Erythroxylacea : another plant family rich in tropanes • Coca Leaves- source of the alkaloid COCAINE
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- 24. PURINE EFFECTS • • • • • EnhancesNSAID Diuretic analgesia CNS stimulant • Cardiac & Resp. Anorexia stimulant Relaxes bronchospasm Effects can be surprising: The effects of caffeine on the inducibility of atrial fibrillation. Conclusion: the presence of caffeine may result in an unexpected reduction of AF http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Ret
- 25. ISOQUINOLINE alkaloids • • Largest groupof alkaloids • • Derived from the amino • acids Tyrosine and • Phenylalanine • • • Anti-microbial Chologogue/choleretic Enzyme inhibitor Antitumor Pain suppressant Cough suppressant Hypnotic Relaxant Antispasmodic
- 26. BERBERINE Found in 23genera Important sources: Mahonia spp., Berberis,Spp., Coptis spp., Hydrastis canadensis, Phellodendron, Sanguinaria (blood root) Yellow in color Soluble in ETOH Highest concentration in Root bark Amoebicidal,antibacterial & fungal, antitumor,bitter,hepatic Swap on tonsils for strep throat Mucus membrane problems
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- 28. Golden Seal Hydrastis canadensis •Endangered species • Root most medicinal • Watch for leaf capsules at lower prices
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- 30. Canadine • Found inCorydalis yan huo su (the most powerful pain killer in Chinese medicine) and Hydrastis canadensis • Has hypotensive properties
- 31. Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) • Foundin Corydalis yanhusuo • 40% as strong as morphine;vinegar extract strongest • THP is nonaddictive • Potentiates acupuncture analgesia • Used in all types of pain in China; one of Nature’s most potent pain relievers
- 32. Morphine • Powerful analgesic,narcotic, • sedativeand antispasmodic • Derived from the dried latex of Papaver somniferum
- 33. Sanguinarine Derived from Bloodroot (Sanguinariacanadensis) Celandine (Chelidonium majus) • Antibacterial, antiviral: papilloma virus,genital worts, cervical dysplasia • Mouthwash to stimulate epithelial growth and repair of gingival tissue
- 34. Indole Alkaloids Reserpine Rauwolfia (Indian Snakeroot) •Lowers BP, decreases catecholamines • Peripheral vasodilation • Depression 15% of patients
- 35. Passion Flower Passiflora incarnata Harmine •Powerful relaxant with serotonin-like action • Entheogen in high amounts • Passiflora incarnata 6:1 solid extract for stress
- 36. Yohimbine Pausinystalia yohimbe • Twosterioisomers: Alpha and Beta • Act as – Serotonin antagonist – Increases heart rate – Increases Erection Adverse effects include: anxiety, insomnia, tachycardia, heart palpitations
- 37. Quinoline alkaloids Quinine, Quinidine,cinchonidine Common names: Quinine bark,, quinine, China bark, cinchona yellow cinchona, red cinchona, Peruvian bark, Jesuit's bark, quina-quina, calisaya bark, fever tree www.Rain-tree.com
- 39. Quinine bark Source: rain-tree.com •Cinchona, or quinine bark, is one of the rainforest's most famous plants • Treatment for malaria • In Brazilian herbal medicine quinine bark is considered a tonic, a digestive stimulant, and fever-reducer. It is used for anemia, indigestion, gastrointestinal disorders, general fatigue, fevers, malaria and as an appetite stimulant.
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- 41. Gelsemine • Used inhomeopathy for – – – – – – – Dull Droopy Drowsiness Flu weakness myalgia Neuralgia Migraines Visual disturbances
- 42.