The Deal
- 1. Introduction to Computers Hardware Concepts-I
- 2. Information Technology The branch of technology devoted to: The study and application of data and the processing thereof; i.e., the automatic acquisition, storage, manipulation (including transformation), management, movement, control, display, interchange, transmission or reception of data and (b) The development and use of the hardware, software, and procedures associated with this processing.
- 3. Model of an Information System DATA H/W Procedures Stored Data S/W People INFORMATION
- 4. The Five Generations of Computers First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes for Circuit Magnetic drums for Memory Enormous in size , taking up entire rooms Very expensive Used a great deal of electricity , generated a lot of heat , which was often the cause of malfunctions Relied on machine language to perform operations They could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape Output was displayed on printouts. E.g..: UNIVAC and ENIAC
- 5. The Five Generations of Computers Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper , more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Punched cards for input and printouts for output. Symbolic, or assembly languages High-level programming languages, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. Stored instructions in their memory The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry .
- 6. The Five Generations of Computers Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated circuit Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. Keyboards for input Monitors for output Interfaced with an operating system , which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.
- 7. The Five Generations of Computers Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessor , where thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip Fit in the palm of the hand The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer - from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls - on a single chip. In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, And in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh Linked together to form networks , which led to the development of the Internet . Development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices
- 8. The Five Generations of Computers Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Based on artificial intelligence , are still in development Though there are some applications, such as voice recognition , that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization
- 9. Classification of Computers based on Size Super computers These are the largest and fastest computers available. Not used for commercial data processing. Instead used in specialized area such as defence, aircraft design, computer generated movies etc. They can process 64 bits or more at a time. Processing speed ranges from 10,000 million instructions per second to 1.2 billion instructions per second. They can support up to 10,000 terminals at a time.
- 10. Classification of Computers based on Size Main frame computers These are less powerful and cheaper than super computers. However they are big general-purpose computers capable of handling all kinds of scientific and business applications. They can process at several million instructions per second. They can support more than 1000 remote terminals at a time.
- 11. Classification of Computers based on Size Mini Computers This type of computer performs data processing activities in the same way as the mainframe but on a smaller scale . The cost of minis is lower. It costs about Rs 5 lacs to 50 lacs. Data is usually input by means of a keyboard. It consists of a C.P.U., several disk drives, a high speed printer and number of terminals
- 12. Classification of Computers based on Size Micro computers It is a full fledged computer system that uses a microprocessor as its CPU. Also called personal computer systems . Now a days computer are also categorized as: Server It provides services to other computing systems called –clients- over a network. Workstation Between minicomputer and microcomputer- in terms of processing power. Looks like PC and used by one person.
- 13. C omponents of PC Central Processing Unit (CPU) Primary storage Input devices Output devices Communication devices
- 14. Block Diagram of Computer CPU Primary Storage Secondary Storage Communications Devices Output Devices Input Devices Buses
- 15. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Area of the computer system, That manipulates symbols, numbers, and letters, And controls the other parts of the PC Two components of CPU : Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit
- 16. Control Unit Component of the CPU that controls and coordinates the other parts of the computer system Reads and interprets program instructions Direct internal processor components Moves programs and data in & out of RAM Components Decoder: to decode instruction Accumulator: to store results Registers: to store instruction, data
- 17. Arithmetic-logic Unit (ALU) Component of the CPU That performs the principal logic and arithmetic operations of the computer. Performs computations (+,-,*, /) Performs logic operations (>, <, =, AND, OR, XOR)
- 18. Primary Storage (Main Memory) Part of the computer that temporarily stores program instructions and data being used by the instructions It is mainly categorized into two types : RAM : Random Access Memory ROM : Read Only Memory
- 19. RAM (Random Access Memory) Primary Storage, accessed at electronic speeds Volatile (electrical interruption loses data) The program can randomly select and use any of the storage locations of RAM. Data and programs can be stored in RAM from input devices or auxiliary storage devices. The stored data can be retrieved and displayed on a CRT screen or printed on a printer Data stored in RAM can be changed by a user using instructions within a computer program during computer processing .
- 20. RAM (Random Access Memory) Two types of RAM DRAM: Dynamic RAM It is dynamic because each memory cell quickly loses its charge, so it must be refreshed hundreds of times each second to prevent data from being lost. SRAM: Static RAM It is like DRAM, but it is a lot faster, larger and more expensive. It is static because it does not need to be continually refreshed. Because of its speed, it is used in a special area of memory called Cache.
- 21. ROM Read Only Memory Primary Storage Non-Volatile It is used for storing micro-program control instructions that cause the machine to perform certain operations. With ROM, data is recorded in the memory when the memory is manufactured.
- 22. ROM The data or programs which are stored in ROM can be read and used but they cannot be altered. The information form the memory may be read but fresh information cannot be written into it. ROM BIOS is one such example. But now a days some alterations can be done in the following forms of ROM: PROM – Programmable read only Memory EPROM – Erasable Programmable read only memory EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
- 23. Cache Memory Cache is special area of high speed memory that is located between the CPU and main memory . When the processor needs data, it checks high-speed cache first to see if the data is there, if not, the processor then retrieves the data from the main memory. On some systems, cache memory is four times as fast as regular main memory. However, cache costs six times as much as main memory