The Delhi Sultan

Kendriya Vidhayala Jyotipuram
Perpared by – Sanyam Gandotra
Class-7th
B
Roll No-30
Project work of SST

Factors leading to Turkish invasion
Struggle for establishment of
monarchy

 The period from 1000-1200 AD saw many changes in Central
and Western Asia.
 There was a break in the Gujarat-Pratihara empire which caused
uncertainty and instability in North India.
 The Turks began by forming a new state at the north-western
border of the country.
 Due to increasing conflicts between the Khawarizmi rulers of
Iran and Ghurid rulers of Afghanistan, the latter were forced to
expand their rule in India.
 2 battles- 1st
Battle of Tarain in 1191 and the 2nd
Battle of Tarain in
1192 – were fought between the Ghurids and the Chauhans,led
by very ambitious rulers of these empires,namely- Muizzuddin
Muhammad and Prithviraj Chauhan respectively.

 He also fought a war with Jaichandra of the Gahadavala
kingdom in 1194, which ended in the former’s defeat which
allowed the Ghurid rulers to move further towards Benaras
and Bihar establishing his rule North India.
 After the victory against the Chauhans, Muizzuddin
Muhammad moved back to Central Asia to defeat the ruling
Khawarizmi rulers.
 They suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of the
Khawarizmis, but it allowed them to concentrate their efforts
in India.
 In India too Ghurids faced strong opposition from the
indigenous people, but Muizzuddin succeeded in
suppressing them by 1206.

i. Qutb-ud-din IbakA
ii. Aram
iii. Daughter=
Shams-ud-din Iyaltimish
iv.Rukn-ud-din v.Raziyah ( Dau)vi.Mu’izz-ud-din Bahram
viii.
Nasir-ud-din,Mahmud
ix.Ghiya-ud-din
Dau=Nasir-ud-din
Mahmud, Bugra Khan
x. Mu’zz-ud-din
Kaiqubad
vii. Ala-ud din masud
SLAVE DYNASTY

Mameluk, literally
'owned', was a
soldier of slave origin
who had converted to
Islam. The
phenomenon started
in 9th century AD
and gradually the
mameluks became a
powerful military
caste in various
Muslim societies.

 The concept of equality in Islam and Muslim
traditions reached its climax in the history of
South Asia when slaves were raised to the
status of Sultan.
 The Slave Dynasty ruled the Sub-continent
for about 84 years. Qutbuddin Aibak, Shams-
ud-din Iltutmush and Ghiyas-ud-din Balban,
the three great Sultans of the era, were
themselves sold and purchased during their
early lives. The Slave Dynasty was the first
Muslim dynasty that ruled India.

 Muhammad Ghuri had no
son so he raised thousands
of slaves like his sons. He
would then train them in
the way royal children
were trained. During
Ghuri's regime, slaves
occupied all key positions
in the government
machinery.
 Three favorite slaves of the
Sultan were Qutb-ud-din
Aibak, Taj-ud-din Ildiz and
Nasir-ud-din Qubachah.
He appointed them
governors of Delhi, Ghazni
and Lahore, respectively.
Ghuri never nominated his
successor but it was
obvious that the successor
was to be one of his slaves.

 After Ghuri died in 1206, Qutbuddin Aibak was
elected as the new Sultan.He was the first Muslim
ruler who ruled South Asia and had his
headquarters in the region as well. He was also
called "Lakh Baksh Sultan".
 However, because of his efficient administration
and farsighted vision, his name has become
inseparable from the history of South Asia.
 One of his biggest contributions is the famous
Qutub Minar in New Delhi which he constructed
firstly to announce the military and official arrival
of his faith Islam in the Indian Subcontinent and
secondly to announce his triumphant victory over
the Rajput forces whom he defeated in a huge
battle.

 Qutbuddin Aibak was a
very refined and inticrate
builder. He led the
constructions of the security
towers, check posts, tax
posts and a few of the forts
in the most important cities
of his empire to avoid
plunderings and loots.
 His devotion to Islam is
attested by two mosques
built by him at Delhi and
Ajmer.
 Aibak died in 1210, from the
injuries he received while
falling from his horse in a
game of polo and thus his
rule lasted only 4 years.

 He was succeeded by his son
Aram Shah, who proved to be
incompetent.The Turk nobles
invited Iltutmish, one of the
slaves and son-in-law of
Aibak, to assume charge of
the state affairs.
 Iltutmish ruled for around 26
years from 1211 to 1236 and
was responsible for setting
the Sultanate of Delhi on
strong footings.
 He was the Governor of
Badaun when he deposed
Qutub-ud-din's successor
Aram Shah and acceeded to
the throne of the Delhi
Sultanate in 1211.

 He remained the ruler until his
death.He is regarded as the real
consolidator of the Turkish
conquests in in North India.
 After ascending the throne, he
was engaged in a series of
battles and thus extended his
empire.
 In 1229 AD, he was honored
with the title of Sultan-I-Azam
(Great Sultan) from Ali
Mastansir Billah, the Khalifah
of Baghdad.
 During his reign, Iltutmish
averted the attack led by the
famous Mongol Chengiz Khan.

 Following the death of Iltutmish in 1236 there was a
series of weak rulers and a war of succession started
between his children. First Rukn-ud-din Firuz sat on
the throne for seven months. He was viewed as unfit
to rule and was thus murdered.
 He was replaced by Raziya Sultana(1236-1239). A
shrewd politician, Razia managed to keep the chiefs
in check(they had thought she would be a puppet on
the throne whom they could control), while enlisting
the support of the army and the people. Her greatest
accomplishment on the political front was to
manipulate rebel factions into opposing each other.
 Another son of Iltutmush, Bahram, took over from
Raziya Sultana in 1239. He declared himself king
with the support of the forty chiefs. Raziya tried to
regain the throne with the aid of her husband
Altunia, a chief of Bathinda, but was defeated and
killed in a fight with bandits

 During Bahram's two years as king, the chiefs
that had originally supported him became
disordered and constantly fought with each
other. It was during this period of unrest that
he was murdered by his own army.
 Next, Masud, son of Rukn-ud-din Firuz,
became Sultan from 1242 to 1245.
 He was replaced by the youngest son of
Iltutmush, Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, who
became Sultan in 1245. Though Mahmud ruled
India for around 20 years, but throughout his
tenure the main power remained in the hands
of Balban.

 On death of Mahmud, Ghiyas-ud-
din Balban directly took over the
throne and ruled Delhi. During
his rule from 1266 to 1287, Balban
consolidated the administrative
set up of the empire and
completed the work started by
Iltutmush.
Balban[1200-1287] was captured
by the Mongols when he was a
child. They sold him in Baghdad.
Later he was brought to Delhi
where Iltutmush purchased him.
He was one of the Chalgan (a
group of the forty most important
nobles of the court). While Nasir-
ud-din spent most of his time
engrossed in religious affairs,
Balban was the real ruler. Nasir-
ud-din married Balban's
daughter, which made the latter
even more powerful. After the
death of Nasir-ud-din, Balban
became the Sultan.

 Balban considered himself, the king, as the
deputy of God on earth. He organized his court on
the pattern of the courts of Irani kings. Nobody
could even dare smile in his court. Soldiers armed
with unsheathed swords marched along beside
him wherever he went.
 Balban established the department of
intelligence. He spread his spies in all
departments used them to gather information
about all political developments and conspiracies.
This helped him in taking action to stop trouble
before it started.
 In order to win the confidence of the people,he
administered impartial justice-not even the
highest of the land were spared if they had
transgressed his authority

 As a Sultan, Balban adopted a blood and iron policy.He
knew the Chalgan did not like his growing power of
and were jealous of his ascent. After becoming Sultan,
Balban decided to crush them. He had some murdered
while others were banished to far off places.
 During Nasir-ud-din's rule, the Mongols had advanced
many times and plundered Lahore. In order to check
the Mongol invasion, Balban built new forts and
ordered the repair of the old ones.He deployed the best
of his troops on the northern borders to check the
Mongols. His policies paid off, as he managed to stop
the Mongol threat from advancing into his territories.

 The greatest setback for Balban in his entire life was the
death of his favorite son, Prince Muhammad, during
the war against the Mongols. He realized that without
his son, the centralized monarchy that had been built
up with such care was bound to dissolve again, as it
had at the death of Iltutmush. This realization probably
broke him. He never recovered from the death of
Prince Muhammad and died in 1287.

 Real name-Ghazi Malik
 Was a slave to Ghiyas ud din Balban of Turkey.
 Established Tughlaq Dynasty in 1320 A.D
 Built the 3rd
city of Delhi, Tughlaqabad
 Was allegedly killed by his own son

 His rule began from 1325AD
 Now for his brilliance, paired with
eccentricity.
 Attempted at shifting his capital from Delhi
to Deogiri
 Renamed it Daulatabad
 Caused great deal of trouble to his subjects,
as also to the army and administration
 Many people found it intolerable and fell
home-sick.

 Switched currency from Silver to brass and
copper tokens
 Some say, it was to fill his own treasury in a
bid to conquer the whole world
 It may also have been due to the ongoing
shortage of silver at that time.
 Most historians believe he was influenced from
the paper currency in use in China during his
rule.

 He is said to be one of the most learned and
accomplished men of his age
 His scientific and literary acumen was
unmatched in his age
 He was a master in the subject of History.
 His favourite pastime was to sit next to
patients to learn proper diagnosis when
among with physicians.
 He was very liberal in natural and made
hospitals and alms-houses on a large scale for
the poor and widowed.

Qaim khan
i.Jalal ud din firuz khalji
ii. Alauddin khalji.
iii. Rukn-ud din ibrahim
(desposed)
iv. Shahab-ud din umar
v.Qutb-ud din mubarak shah
KHALJI DYNASTY

 The Khaljis, wrongly believed to be
Afghans were actually Turks who had
for a long time settled in the region of
Afghanistan, called Khalj and adopted
Afghan manners and customs.
 The Ghaznavid and Ghurid invasions
and Mongol pressure from Central
Asia and pushed them into Hindustan.
 Jalal-ud-din Khalji (1290-1296 AD) was
the first Khalji ruler.
 He was succeeded by Ala-ud-din
Khalji (1296-1316 AD) who introduced
several economic and political reforms.
 Ala-ud-din’s successors, Shihab-ud-
din Umar , Mubarak and Khusro Khan
ruled upto 1320 AD one after the other.

 First ruler of The
Khalji Dynasty.
 Stated that India
could not be a truly
Islamic state as
majority Indians were
Hindus.
 Allowed Turkish
nobles to keep their
posts.
 Led an unsuccessful
expedition against
Ranthambor.

 Alauddin was the second ruler of
the Khalji dynasty. He is
considered the most powerful ruler
of the dynasty, reigning from 1296
to 1316.
 Alauddin Khalji was the nephew
and son in law of Jalaluddin. He
entered Delhi with his uncle's head
on a pike and on October 3, 1296,
proclaimed himself the King of
Delhi.
 In 1297, Alauddin sent an army to
plunder Gujarat, under the
generalship of Ulugh Khan and
Nusrat Khan. This army looted the
temple of Somnath and
the Shivalinga was broken into
pieces and was being carried back
to Delhi.

 Alauddin who ordered him and Nusrat Khan to
conquer Ranthambore. In 1299 they started out with 80,000
cavalry and a large infantry to attack Hammir Dev
Chauhan. Hammir's army repulsed the attack and killed
Nusrat Khan. Ulugh Khan escaped and reached Delhi.
Khilji was taken aback by this defeat and wanted revenge.
 He finally came himself in 1301, and there was a long
siege. Hammir was very well prepared. When the fort
would not fall after repeated bloody skirmishes, Khilji
resorted to diplomacy
 Alauddin then led an expedition towards the south of
India. He was said to be the first Muslim king who went to
the south to expand his territory.
 He made a slave named Malik Kafur the army chief. Kafur
proved to be a brave army chief and plundered many
kingdoms in the south of India.

 The constant successes in the battles made Malik Kafur very
powerful. At one point of time, Alauddin was reduced to a
puppet dancing to his tunes. Finally, Malik Kafur is said to
have poisoned Alauddin Khilji and murdered him.
 Alauddin Khilji is known for his war tactics when the
Mongols attacked Delhi.
 The Mongols attacked almost a dozen times during the reign
of Alauddin Khilji. Every time, some division of Alauddin's
army defeated them.
 However, in 1299, the Mongols came to Delhi not rob, but to
establish themselves. This time, Alauddin went with a huge
army and brutally defeated the Mongols.
 Alauddin died in January 1316, of oedema. His tomb
and madarsa dedicated to him, exists at the back of Qutb
complex, Mehrauli, in Delhi

 The last days of Ala-ud-din Khalji were embittered
by troubles and misfortunes. In the midst of these
troubles Ala-ud-din died in 1316 AD.
 After his death Malik Kafur tried to become the
Sultan of Delhi. He became over ambitious. While
trying to dispose off his rivals, he was killed.
 Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah, the successor of
Ala-ud-din Khalji, came to the throne in 1316 AD.
 Khusro Khan was a Hindu slave of the Makwana
sect of Gujarat who resented his forcible
conversion to Islam. He murdered Qutb-ud-din in
1320 AD.
 Ghazi Tughlaq, the governor of the Frontier
Province, murdered Khusro Khan in 1320 AD and
came to the throne. He assumed the title of Ghiyas-
ud-din Tughlaq and became the founder of the
Tughlaq Dynasty.

Rajab sipap salar
iii.Firuz shah
Fath khan vi. Muhammad shahZafar khan
ix. Mahmud shah
vii. Sikandar khan
v. Abu bakr
1v. Ghiyas-ud-din tughlaq ii
viii. Nusrat shah
i. ghiyas-ud din tughlaq
ii. Muhammad juna.

 Firuz shah tughlaq was
born in 1309.
 Firuz Tughlaq was
formally coronated
somewhere around 23rd
of
march 1357.
 He enjoyed a reign of
thirty seven years (1357-
88).
 Firuz Tughlaq was by no
means a distinguished
military leader but was a
benevolent ruler who
truly cared for his
subjects.

 He was keenly interested in the economic improvement of
the empire. He used the state resources for public welfare
activities.
 He led a campaign against the ruler of jajnagar and two
campaigns into Bengal and was unsuccessful. He thus
decided not to conquer the areas that had broken away and
maintain a strong hold over the areas still in his hands.
 He decreed that whenever a noble died his son would
succeed him. This principle applied to the army as well.
 He imposed only 4 types of taxes on his subjects and
abolished the 24 which previoulsy existed.
 He banned inhumane punishments like cutting of hands
fingers etc. for small offences
 He employed kotwals to make a list of unemployed people
and provided them with employment. He also provided
dowries for the poor.

 Firuz Tughlaq opened a charitable hospital in the capital
(Daru sh shifa) for the benefit of all. Physicians were
appointed for indoor as well as outdoor patients who
were supplied free medicines and food.
 He set up a large department of public works which
worked for after his building programme.
 He dug and repared a number of canals. These canals
were built for irrigation as well as to for water supply
 He built a number of new towns. A few still stand like
hissar (now in haryana) and firuzabad (now in uttar
pradesh)
Firuz shah tughlaq died around 20th
September 1388.
Firuz Tughlaq was the last great ruler of the empire after
his death the decline of the empire began.

Firuz Tughlaq was the last of the great rulers of the dynasty.
With him departed the glory of the empire and began the
gradual decline of the empire.
All the six successors of Firuz Tughlaq including one son and
five grandsons were phantom rulers
His successors.
 Ghiyas-ud din Tughlaq shah ii (his grandson) (1388-89)
 Abu bakr (1389-90)
 Nasir-ud-din muhammad shah iii (1390-94)
 Ala-ud-din sikandar shah i (1394)
 Nasir-ud-din muhammad shah Tughlaq (1394-1412)
 Nusrat-shah tughlaq (1412-14)
The successors of Firuz being non- entities do not deserve a
place among the sovereign rulers of the great empire.
The responsibility of degeneration of the empire cannot be
attributed to any one ruler.

i. Khizr khan
ii. Mubarak shahiii. Muhammad shah
iv. Ala-ud-din alam shah
SAIYID DYNASTY

The Sayyid Dynasty ruled Delhi Sultanate in India from 1414
to 1451. The succeeded the Tugluq dynasty and ruled that
sultanate until they were displaced by the Lodi dynasty.Their
37-year period of dominance witnessed the rule of 4 different
members of the dynasty. The four rulers during this very
period were Khizr Khan(1414-1421), Mubarak Shah(1421-
1434), Muhammad Shah(1434-1445), Alam Shah(1445-1451)

 Khizr Khan was the founder
ruler of the Sayyid Dynasty.
He mostly engaged himself in
keeping intact the territory
of the sultanate which he
had acquired in the
beginning of his reign. The
sultanate of Delhi could not
gain ascendancy during this
time and therefore remained
one of the states among
certain other significant
states of the north.

Mubarak Shah ascended the throne without any
opposition after the death of his father Khizr Khan. He
did not accept suzerainty of any foreign power. He also
saved the Delhi sultanate from the nominal suzerainty
of a foreign power and issued coins in his name. He
fought for 13 years against his external and internal
enemies and thus kept the territory intact.

 Muhammad Shah was the
nephew of Mubarak Shah
and was nominated as the
successor of his uncle. He
was an incapable ruler and
therefore paved the way for
the downfall of the dynasty.
Muhammad shah failed to
safeguard his kingdom from
internal disruption and
foreign attacks. Thus he
failed as a ruler and the
decline began.

After the death of Muhammad Shah in 1444, his son took over the throne under
the title of Alam Shah. During the year 1447, he visited a place called Badaun
and loved it so much that he decided to stay there forever.He ruled Badaun till
he died in the year 1478, with his death the Sayyid dynasty came to an end.

i. Bhalol lodi
ii. Sikandar lodi
iii. Ibrahim lodi

Lodi Dynasty
 The Lodi dynasty in India arose around 1451
after the Sayyid dynasty.
The Lodhi Empire was established by the Ghizlai
tribe of the Afghans.
 They formed the last phase of the Delhi
Sultanate.
 There were three main rulers in the history of
lodi dynasty:-
1) Bahlul lodi.
2) Sikander lodi.
3) Ibrahim lodi.

He was a fearless military
leader and kept out the
opposition for almost a
decade.By the time Ibrahim
ascended the throne, the
political structure in the Lodi
Dynasty had dissolved due
to abandoned trade routes
and the depleted treasury.

 In the late 15th century the supply lines of
the Deccan had collapsed.
 Sultan Ibrahim being the military man,
gathered military support and killed his
brother and reunited the kingdom by the
end of that same year in 1517.
 After this , he arrested Afghan nobles who
opposed him.
 The Afghan nobles tended to be loyal to
the Governor of Bihar, Dariya Khan
because they wanted him to rule Delhi, not
Sultan Ibrahim.

Men who tried to take over the Lodi throne were extremely
common during Sultan Ibrahim’s time.
.
Due to the lack of this law of succession, Ibrahim was forced
to put down a great deal of these ambitious men
His own uncle, Alam Khan,betrayed Ibrahim because he wanted
to rule Delhi.
Khan pledged his allegiance to Babur as well.Sultan Ibrahim’s
death lead to the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India. He
was the last emperor of the Lodi dynasty.
 What was left of his empire was absorbed into the new Mughal
Empire. Babur continued to engage in more military campaigns.
 Due to the demands of the nobles, his younger brother Jalal
Khan was given a small share of the kingdom and was crowned the
ruler of Jaunpur.

Ibrahim was known to be a very stern ruler and was not liked
much by his subjects.
Ibrahim Lodhi was thus killed in a battle with Babur who was the
founder of the Mughal dynasty in India.
With the death of Ibrahim Lodhi, the Lodhi dynasty also came to
an end.
The lodi dynasty was not able to protect if warfare were to break
out on thre trade routes.
Sultan Ibrahim Khan Lodi was easily threatened because his
region was surrounded by several other dynasties and territories
Did not fight against each other because of religious affairs.
Babur and Sultan Ibrahim were both Sunni Muslims.

o After Sultan Ibrahim’s tragic death on the
battle field, Babur named himself emperor over
Sultan Ibrahim’s territory, instead of placing
Alam Khan (Ibrahim’s uncle) on the throne.
o Babur continued to engage in more military
campaigns.
o Babar managed to boost the morale of his
troops, which enabled them to defeat the
Rajputs

 Muhammad Tughlaq’s reign.
 Rebellion in different parts of the country.
 He dashed from one part of the country to
another to supress the rebellion.
 The Delhi Sultanate began to disintegrate
following the death of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.
His successor Firoz Shah was not able to rescue
the Tughlaq dynasty from its decline and
eventually it was overthrown.
 After Firoz Shah, the struggle for power between
the sultans and the nobles started once again.
 Eventually the governors of nobles became
independent and the sultan of Delhi was
confined virtually to a small area surrounding
Delhi.

TIMUR’S INVASION
The weakness of the Delhi Sultanate was made
worse by Timur’s invasion of Delhi(1398).
 His motive was to seize the wealth
accumulated by the sultans of Delhi over the
last 200 years.
Timur’s invasion once again showed the danger
of a weak government in India . It resulted in
the drain of large amount of wealth, gold, silver
jewellery etc from India.
The invasion of Timur , may however be
regarded as making the end of the phase of
strong rule by Delhi sultans, although the
Tughlaq dynasty itself lingered on till 1412.

One political reason for the decline of the sultanate
was the absence of any well established and
universally accepted law of succession.
The nobles became the king makers and controlled
the weak sultans.
The responsibility of the disintegration of the Delhi
sultanate cannot be ascribed to anyone ruler.

 There were some persistant problems during
the medival times, such as the –
1. Relations between the monarch and the
nobles.
2. The conflicts with the local rulers and
zamindars.
3. The pull of regional and geographical factors
etc.
 Feroz instituted a series of reforms aimed at
appeasing the nobles and the soldiers but
which , however weakened the central
machinery of administration.

 Ibrahim Lodi died on April 21, 1526, at Panipat. He
was the last Afghan sultan of Delhi. He was a
suspicious tyrant who increasingly alienated his
nobles during his reign.
 The son of Sikandar Lodi, Ibrahim succeeded the
throne on his father’s death (Nov. 21, 1517) and was
quickly faced with continuing disputes between the
royal family and Afghan nobles. One noble, Dawlat
Khan Lodi, governor of Punjab, fearing for his own
safety, called in the Mughal king of Kabul, Babur,
who advanced toward Delhi and defeated and killed
Ibrahim in the first battle of Panipat. This victory
led to the establishment of mughal rule in india.

 The first battle of Panipat took place in Northern
India, and marked the beginning of the Mughal
Empire. This was one of the earliest battles
involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery.
 In 1526, the forces of Zahir Ud-din Muhammad
Babur, the Timurid ruler of Kabul, defeated the
much larger army of Ibrahim Lodi, Sultan of
Delhi.
 The battle was fought on 21 April near the small
village of Panipat, in the present day Indian state
of Haryana, an area that has been the site of a
number of decisive battles for the control of
Northern India since the twelfth century.

 It is estimated that Babur's forces numbered about
15,000 men and he had between 20 to 24 pieces of
field artillery.
 Lodi had around 130,000 men, though that number
included camp followers, while the fighting force
was around 100,000 to 110,000 men in total, along
with at least 300 war elephants.
 Hindu Kings - Rajputs were neutral but few Tomar
Rajputs of Gwalior fought for Ibrahim Lodi.

The Delhi Sultan

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