The Eisenhower and Kennedy Years

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FOR: Better nukes More global influence A place in space The Eisenhower Years: THE RACE IS ON!

The Arms Race S.U. – 1 st atomic bomb in ‘49 We needed a DEADLIER WEAPON! (H-bomb) Nov. 1, 1952 - U.S. 1 st H-bomb ( 67 times MORE POWERFUL than Hiroshima/Nagasaki) August, 1953 - S.U. – 1 st H-Bomb

How do the Yooks and Zooks show their strength throughout their conflict?

BRINKMANSHIP John Foster Dulles (Eisenhower’s Sec. of State) The U.S. willingness to go to the edge of ALL OUT WAR We would use ALL force – INCLUDING nukes! Do you agree with this type of policy?

The Eisenhower Doctrine - 1957 S.U. gets prestige for its support of Egypt in Suez War Ike says – U.S. WILL DEFEND AGAINST ANY ATTACK IN MIDDLE EAST BY ANY COMMUNIST COUNTRY!!

Nikita Khrushchev comes to power in SU and believes in PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE; “destalinization” Only economic and scientific competition You do not like Communism. We do not like capitalism. There is only one way out – peaceful co-existence. Khrushchev speaking on a visit to Britain in 1956. We may argue. The main thing is to argue without using weapons. Khrushchev speaking in 1959.

Sputnik I October 4, 1957 World’s 1 st Artificial Satellite – launched by Soviets - about the size of a basketball, weighed about 200 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path Photograph: NASA/EPA The Space Race begins…

November 5 1957: Laika, the female dog who was a passenger on board Sputnik II Photograph: NASA/AP She survived the launch… humans can go into space!

January 31 1958: The first US satellite, Explorer I, lifts off at Cape Canaveral, Florida At 18 pounds, the satellite was smaller than the Sputniks, but it flew higher, 2,000 miles up. Photograph: NASA

History Rewind: Ham the chimp goes to into space!!

April 12 1961: Yuri Gagarin prepares to board the Vostok I spaceship at the Baikonur launchpad shortly before its take-off. He was the first man to travel in space, completing a circuit of the Earth Photograph: AFP/Getty Images

May 5 1961: Alan Shepard lifts off in the Freedom 7

U2 Spy Incident: Renewed Confrontation SU: NO “Open Skies” @ Geneva U.S. begins reconnaissance flights over S.U. U2 spy plane (piloted by Francis Gary Powers) shot down by Soviet anti-aircraft in May 1960 RESULT: K calls off summit to discuss arms race, takes away Ike’s invite to S.U.

Pre Class What Cold War concept do these quotes reflect? You do not like Communism. We do not like capitalism. There is only one way out – peaceful co-existence. Khrushchev speaking on a visit to Britain in 1956. We may argue. The main thing is to argue without using weapons. Khrushchev speaking in 1959.

"Well, I Got That In, All Right" Source: Herblock, the Washington Post, January 1958.

Who would YOU elect?? Why? Candidate 1 43 yrs. old Born wealthy Irish Catholic educated at Harvard Father = bootlegger/politician WWII: Navy Captain 2 term senator who did not take on McCarthy Promising you a “New Frontier” Candidate 2 47 years old Middle class Experience as Vice President and in House Conservative Anti Communist Strong Foreign Policy Record

Election of 1960 Kennedy (D) v. Richard Nixon (R)

John Fitzgerald Kennedy 43 yrs. old Born wealthy Irish Catholic educated at Harvard Father = bootlegger/politician College: wrote about why GB slept during appeasement WWII: Navy Captain McCarthy Era – another Senator who DIDN’T take on McCarthy! Promised Americans a “New Frontier”

Richard Millhouse Nixon Ike’s VP Conservative Republican Anti Communist (took on Alger Hiss in trial) Strong Foreign Policy Record 47 years old Middle class

The Kitchen Debate “ Nixon stressed that Americans had abundant food and appliances to process and cook their food. Khrushchev satirically shot back, "Don't you have a machine that puts food into the mouth and pushes it down? Many things you've shown us are interesting but they are not needed in life.’” http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/money_02.html

Campaign of 1960 TV = DECIDING FACTOR! 4 televised debates JFK = strong, comfortable, handsome NIXON = pale, tense (WOULDN’T WEAR MAKEUP FOR TV!) JFK attacked Nixon on the “missile gap” Perceived strength of SU in rockets and missiles REALITY : US HAD MORE MISSILES

Closest election since 1880 Margin = .3% Alaska/Hawaii joined US in 59 DISPUTED ballots – Teamsters/Giancana in Chicago Nixon could have challenged results, but said: “ I HAVE TOO MUCH RESPECT FOR THE OFFICE.” ELECTION OF 1960: RESULTS

Inaugural Address – January 1961 STRONG position on foreign affairs/communist threat PROMISED TO “Hold the line against Communism” & “Oppose any foe of liberty” “ ASK NOT WHAT YOUR COUNTRY CAN DO FOR YOU…”

Foreign Policy NO MORE BRINKMANSHIP ! (“suicide” – Sec. of Defense McNamara) FLEXIBLE RESPONSE Build up of non-nuclear forces (troops, ships, artillery) Dev. Special Forces, tripled nuclear arsenal Fight LIMITED wars

Cuba Castro seized power in Jan. of ’59 Turns to SU when US refuses to help

Bay of Pigs Invasion Approved by Ike in ‘60 CIA planned invasion of Cuba Goal: US would train and arm Cuban exiles (“Cuba libre”) to overthrow Castro’s govt. HUGE FAILURE and EMBARASSMENT! 30,000+ Cuban dissidents who were supposed to help invasion force were jailed No air support from US US paid Cuba millions in food, medicine and $ for return of 1,200 captives

Minute by Minute: The Role of Intelligence in the Cuban Missile Crisis

Source: U.S. News and World Report, December 1957.

Source: Life magazine, May 1955.

The Missiles of October Summer ’62 – flow of nukes from SU to Cuba JFK: we will NOT tolerate offensive nukes in Cuba! Oct. 14 – photos reveal Soviet missile sites in Cuba, some aimed and ready! Oct. 22 – JFK informs the nation

The world on the brink… US: naval quarantine of Cuba; 100,000 troops in FL “eyeball to eyeball”… and the Soviets “blinked” (~ Sec. of State Dean Rusk) JFK and Khrushchev reach agreement: SU will withdraw nukes US will NOT invade Cuba US will remove missile from Turkey (SECRET!)

Former missile sites (Nov. 1962)

Criticism of JFK Did he practice brinkmanship? Why not diplomacy? Why didn’t he invade Cuba?

Crisis Over Berlin 1961 – Berlin in turmoil 3 million E. Germans fled to W. Berlin (20% of pop) FAILURE of Communist govt. Departure of workers weakened economy Khrushchev wanted to sign treaty with East Berlin cutting off access roads to West, but JFK wouldn’t give up US access

“I want peace. But if you want war, that is your problem.”

The Berlin Wall August 13, 1961 – Khrushchev orders construction of barbed wire/concrete wall overnight East and West Germany separated Stopped the leak of refugees BUT – was a symbol of Communism’s oppressive nature

One of President Kennedy's speech card from his remarks in Berlin

Nov. 9, 1989 – E. Germany allows W. Germans to enter

View in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall's infamous "death strip"

1963 – Easing tensions… Hotline – direct line between White House and Kremlin to be used in emergencies Limited Test Ban Treaty – NO nuclear testing in the atmosphere

WE WIN THE SPACE RACE!! Apollo 11: The Moon Landing Planned by JFK Reasons Economic stimulus Military strategy Scientific prestige $24 Billion dollars Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldren landed in 1969

Mythbusters takes on the supposed Moon Landing “hoax”!

Pre Class Explain the state of the Cold War at the opening of the 1960s using the following terms: Eisenhower Doctrine Brinkmanship U-2 incident Arms race Peaceful coexistence Space race Khrushchev

History Rocks: Space Race – Cold War Front

The Eisenhower and Kennedy Years

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