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The End of Reconstruction and the Rise of Jim Crow Laws
- 1. The End ofReconstruction and the Rise of Jim Crow Laws
- 2. Objective By the endof the lesson, SWBAT explain how Reconstruction ended with the start of the Jim Crow Laws. By the end of the lesson, SWBAT to explain what the Jim Crow Laws were, and how they hurt African Americans in the South.
- 3. Segregation in theUnited States De Facto Segregation: Segregation by custom or practice De Jure Segregation: Segregation by law At the turn of the century, both are occurring throughout the United States NOT JUST A SOUTHERN ISSUE
- 4. African Americans North South Mostlylived in cities Some highly educated Many worked industrial jobs within the cities Denied admittance to many unions Lesser wages Job discrimination Large population Given rights to education and job opportunities Many were sharecroppers or tenant farmers Kept in a dependent and low place in society after the Civil War and Reconstruction ended
- 5. Reconstruction 1865-1877 After theCivil War 1861-1865, the federal government made strides toward equality. Blacks voted, held many political offices. The Freedmen’s Bureau helped Blacks find land, it also established schools and colleges. Constitutional Amendments provided legal freedoms Compromise of 1877 Hayes wins election in exchange for the removal of federal troops in the South
- 6.
- 7. The following shows angrywhite Southerners burning down a Freedmen’s Bureau school and harassing African Americans
- 8. After Reconstruction Without protectionfrom the U.S. Army and help from the Freedmen’s Bureau, African Americans lost a lot of their power.
- 9. Since Reconstruction African Americansin the South slowly had their freedoms and rights taken away by Southern governments. Job Discrimination Lesser Wages Sharecropping/Tenant Farming Intimated from voting Racial Violence
- 10. So What Happened? Eventhough the rights of all people are supposed to be protected in the Bill of Rights and the 13th, 14th, and 15th, Amendments African Americans were not given their rights in the South! How did the racist Southerners take away the
- 12. 13th, 14th, 15thAMENDMENTS RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS 13TH AMENDMENT OUTLAWED SLAVERY 14TH AMENDMENT MADE AFRICAN AMERICANS CITIZENS GUARANTEED EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LAW 15TH AMENDMENT GUARANTEED AFRICAN AMERICANS THE RIGHT TO VOTE 13, 14, 15 – FREE, CITIZENS,VOTE
- 13. For the next70 years, Jim Crow laws dominated society in the South for African Americans. Preformed in black face. “Jim Crow” was a pejorative term from the 1828 minstrel song “Jump, Jim Crow”
- 14. The 13th, 14thand 15th Amendments were supposed to protect the rights of African Americans under the U.S. Constitution… But they did not because of a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court…
- 15. PLESSY v. FERGUSON(1896) Homer Plessy U.S. Supreme Court case that made segregation legal in the United States Established the principle of “separate but equal”
- 16. PLESSY v. FERGUSON(1896) “Separate but equal” meant that minorities were not allowed in the same places as whites Southern states passed laws that legalized segregation known as “Jim Crow” laws
- 18. Some areas thatwere separate: Bus station waiting rooms and ticket windows Railroad cars or coaches Restaurants and lunch counters Schools and public parks Restrooms and water fountains Sections of movie theaters There were even separate cemeteries
- 19. At the busstation, Durham, North Carolina, 1940.
- 20. Greyhound bus terminal,Memphis, Tennessee. 1943.
- 21. A rest stopfor bus passengers on the way from Louisville, Kentucky to Nashville, Tennessee, with separate entrance for Blacks. 1943.
- 22. A sign atbus station, Rome, Georgia. 1943.
- 23. A highway signadvertising tourist cabins for Blacks, South Carolina. 1939.
- 24. Cafe, Durham, NorthCarolina. 1939.
- 25. Drinking fountain onthe courthouse lawn, Halifax, North Carolina. 1938.
- 26. Movie theater’s "Colored"entrance, Belzoni, Mississippi. 1939.
- 27. The Rex theaterfor colored people, Leland, Mississippi. June 1937.
- 28.
- 29. Water cooler inthe street car terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. 1939.
- 30. Sign above movietheater, Waco, Texas. 1939.
- 31. Beale Street, Memphis,Tennessee. 1939.
- 32.
- 33. Ku Klux Klan •Secret terrorist organization founded in Tennessee in 1865 by Confederate veterans – Started after Civil War to fight Reconstruction in the South • Believed in the innate inferiority of blacks – mistrusted and resented the rise of former slaves to an equal status • Attacked, murdered, and lynched both freedmen and white Republicans
- 34. • Intimidated AfricanAmericans and their allies – If intimidation didn’t work, they would torture and/or murder these individuals • Local chapters (klaverns) became so uncontrollable and violent that the Grand Wizard, former Confederate general Nathan B. Forrest, officially disbanded the Klan in 1869 • In 1871, President Grant issued a proclamation calling on members of illegal organizations to disarm and disband (Force
- 35. • Second Klanfounded in 1915 – expanded rapidly in 1920s – 1924 - 3 million members (height of membership) – Focused its attack on what it considered to be alien outsiders (Roman Catholic church and all non- Protestants, aliens, liberals, trade unionists, and striking workers - threatening traditional American ways and values) • Masked Klansmen burned crosses on hillsides, marched through the streets of many communities, threatening various persons with punishment and warning others to leave town.
- 36. • 1944 KKKdisbanded formally when unable to pay back taxes to federal government • Civil Rights Movement caused increased interest and membership in Klan – Brown v. Board (1954)
- 37. Lynchings in theU.S. • 1890-1960, 4,742 Americans were documented as having been lynched; actual numbers are believed to be much higher. – Over 70 percent of the victims were African-Americans. • By late 1920s, 95% of lynchings took place in South. • Few lynch mob participants ever went to jail. – Police and other eye-witnesses refused to identify lynch mob members, and Southern all-white juries rarely convicted them.
- 38. • The whitemobs who lynched African- American men often justified their actions as a defense of "white womanhood" – the usual reason given for lynching black men was that they had raped white women – lynch mobs' real motive was the determination to keep African-American men economically depressed and politically disenfranchised.
- 39. Claimed Causes • 41%Felonious Assault • 19.2% Rape • 6.1% Attempted Rape • 4.9% Robbery and Theft • 1.8% Insult to White persons • 22.7% Misc. or no offense at all • 11.5% Trivial Offenses-"disputing with a white man”, “attempting to register to vote", "unpopularity", "testifying against a white man", "asking a white woman in marriage", "peeping in a window"
- 40. Rubin Stacey, 1935:Knocked on door of white woman, asked for food (NYT)
- 41. Anti-Lynching Crusade • Constitutionleaves law enforcement up to the states, a movement spearheaded by Ida B. Wells and the NAACP sought to pass anti-lynching laws at the federal level – Southern states unwilling • From 1890 to 1960, nearly 200 anti- lynching bills were introduced to the U.S.Congress. • The U.S. House of Reps. passed three anti-lynching bills, but all failed in the Senate • Left the federal government powerless to intervene and protect Americans from these heinous acts of mob violence. •Ida B. Wells (1862 – 1931)
- 42. Booker T. Washington 1856-1915) •Leader in black education (Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute) • Believed the way to achieve economic equality was through education • Promoted idea of working with whites to achieve progress – criticized for this
- 43. “Put down yourbucket where you are” and work for immediate self-improvement rather than long-range social change. - Booker T. Washington He urged blacks to postpone efforts to achieve political equality and concentrate on self-improvement.
- 44. W.E.B. DuBois 1868-1963) • Demandedracial equality immediately and criticized Booker T. Washington • Started a newspaper called The Crisis to report on racial equality issues • Founded the NAACP in 1905 – “talented tenth”, exceptional blacks would gain positions of full equality • 1963 gave up U.S. citizenship and became a citizen of Ghana
- 45. Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) •Believed in black nationalism • Founded Universal Negro Improvement Association (1914) – Audience: lowest class of blacks, most disenfranchised – Goals: 1) foster worldwide unity among blacks 2) encourage pride in African heritage 3) rejected integration 4) “back to Africa” movement
- 46. • Moved toNew York (1916) • Charismatic speaker and published newspaper called “Negro World” – Had millions of followers • Misused funds in 1925, jailed, deported and died in obscurity
- 47. What to doabout it? Two most influential black leaders: • Booker T. Washington • W.E.B. DuBois