Download to read offline
More Related Content
Similar to ....the Formation of Light Elements.pptx
More from pauloalegria3
....the Formation of Light Elements.pptx
- 1. Physical Science Lesson1.1: The Big Bang Theory and the Formation of Light Elements
- 2. Objective Describe the BigBang Theory. 1 At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: Describe the formation of the light elements found in the universe seconds after the big bang. 2 Give evidence for the formation of the light elements after the big bang. 3
- 3. Learn about It! Whatis your concept of the origin of the universe? 1
- 4. Learn about It! Cosmologyis the body of science that studies the origin, evolution and eventual fate of the universe. COSMOLOGY 2
- 5. Learn about It! Religiousor mythological cosmology explains the origin of universe and life based on religious beliefs of a specific tradition • The concept of creatio ex nihilo • God creating the universe as written in the book of Genesis 1. Religious Cosmology 3
- 6. Learn about It! Physicalcosmology explains the origin of universe based on scientific insights, studies and experiments • Nicolaus Copernicus and the heliocentric nature of the universe • The expanding universe through Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity • The big bang theory 2. Physical Cosmology 4
- 7. Learn about It! It is a cosmological model that describes how the universe started its expansion about 13.8 billion years ago, states that the universe continues to move and expand. It was first proposed, though not named, by Belgian astrophysicist and priest Abbe Georges Edouard Lemaitre. The name “big bang” was coined by British astronomer Fred Hoyle in 1949. Big Bang Theory 5
- 8. Learn about It! 1.Theuniverse began as a singularity or a point containing all space, time, matter and energy. 2.It expanded rapidly in nothingness through a rapid yet peaceful process called inflation. 3.The universe cooled down as it expanded. Facts about Big Bang Theory 6
- 9. Learn about It! 4.Asoup of matter in the form of subatomic particles was formed and nuclei of light atoms were created via nucleosynthesis or nuclear fusion between protons and neutrons. 5.Electrons interacted with these nuclei to form actual, primordial atoms via the process of recombination. Facts about Big Bang Theory 7
- 10. Learn about It! Whatare the evidences of the big bang theory? 8
- 11. Learn about It! 1.VestoSlipher and Carl Wilhelm Wirtz (1910) • Measurement of redshift • Observed that most spiral galaxies were moving away from the earth 2.Georges Lemaître (1927) • Proposed alternative idea that the universe is expanding Evidences of Big Bang Theory 9
- 12. Learn about It! 3.EdwinHubble (1929) • Calculated distances between the earth and several galaxies using redshift of light. • Observed distant galaxies were moving away from the Earth and one another Evidences of Big Bang Theory 10
- 13. Learn about It! 4.RobertWilson and Arno Penzias (1965) • Discovered cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR)—a low, steady humming noise believed to be energy remains 5.Modern astronomy (2014) • Universe is estimated to be 13.8 billion years old with 5% of its composition existing as ordinary matter Evidences of Big Bang Theory 11
- 14. Learn about It! It is a thermonuclear reaction that produces a new chemical element from another element. It is classified into three categories; 1. Big bang nucleosynthesis 2. Stellar nucleosynthesis 3. Supernova nucleosynthesis Nucleosynthesis 12
- 15. Learn about It! Whatis Big Bang Nucleosynthesis? 13
- 16. Learn about It! •Big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), also known as primordial nucleosynthesis, is the process of producing or forming light elements during the big bang expansion. • This theory was proposed in 1948 by American physicists George Gamow, Hans Bethe, and Ralph Asher Alpher. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis 14
- 17. Learn about It! Whatare the light elements formed after the big bang? 15
- 18. Learn about It! 1.Protons and neutrons fused to form deuterium. 16 1. A proton (p) and a neutron (n) may fuse together to form a high-energy photon (γ) and an isotope of hydrogen (H) called deuterium (D or 2 H). Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Reactions
- 19. Learn about It! 2.Deuterium collided with other deuterium, producing tritium and helium -3. 17 2. Two D nuclei may fuse together to form either of the following: a. The radioactive H isotope tritium (T or 3 H, with one p and two n) and one p; or b. The isotope helium-3 (He-3 or 3 He, with two p and one n) along with one n Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Reactions
- 20. Learn about It! 3.Helium-4 (He-4 or 4 He, with two p and two n) may be formed from three fusion reactions; a. The fusion of one p and a T atom b. The fusion of D with T c. The fusion of D with He-3 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Reactions 18
- 21. Learn about It! 4.He-4 may still undergo further fusion in the presence of a T atom, yielding the lithium-7 atom (Li-7 or 7 Li, with three p and four n) and a γ • Li-7 may react with one p to produce two stable He-4 nuclei Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Reactions 19
- 22. Learn about It! 5.He-4 may also fuse with He-3 to yield the unstable isotope beryllium-7 (Be-7 or 7 Be, with four p and three n) along with one γ Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Reactions 20
- 23. Learn about It! •The correlation between predicted and observed cosmic abundances of H and He was the major proof of the big bang theory. • It predicts that about 25 % of the mass of the universe consists of helium (helium -3 and helium -4), while 0.01 % is deuterium, smaller quantity of lithium, tritium and beryllium and approximately 75 % of hydrogen. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis 21
- 24. Key Points The bigbang theory is a cosmological model that describes how the universe started its expansion about 13.8 billion years ago. 1 Big bang nucleosynthesis is the process of producing light elements during the big bang expansion. 2 The correlation between the predicted and observed cosmic abundances of hydrogen and helium was the major proof of the big bang theory. 3 22
- 25.
- 26. Learn about It! Whatis an atom? 24
- 27. Learn about It! •are the smallest unit of matter that have all the properties of an element. • They composed of smaller subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons and electrons. Atom 25
- 28.
- 29. Learn about It! •Indicates the total number of protons in an atom. • In a neutral atom, number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. Atomic Number (Z) 26
- 30. Learn about It! •Is equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons. Atomic Mass (A) 27
- 31.
- 32.
- 33.
- 34. Learn about It! •refer to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses. Isotope 28
- 35.
- 36.
- 37. Learn about It! Review:Complete the number of the atomic particles in the following elements: 29 SYMBOL PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON MASS NUMBER ATOMIC NUMBER He ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ H Li
- 38. Learn about It! Exercise:Complete the number of the atomic particles in the following elements: 29 SYMBOL PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRO N MASS NUMBER ATOMIC NUMBER Rb Be Mg K Fe
Editor's Notes
- #3 Send menti in gc para dun nila ilagay sagot nila Then after that mag ask sa students WHEN WE ARE TALKING ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE WE ARE REFERRING TO COSMOLOGY
- #4 EVOLUTION- how the universe has changed and developed over time, starting from its origin to its current state major events, transformations, and interactions that have shaped the universe RELIGIOUS PHYSICAL
- #5 Beliefs according to religion- tulad ng Christians ( God created universe) and hindus ( Universe comes from a cosmic egg) Creatio ex nihilo- doctrine that matter is not eternal but had to be created by some divine creative act. Book of Genesis- Book of Hebrew and Christian old testament which describes how God created the universe in a span of 6 days -1st light -, 2nd sky, 3rd land, plant, trees, 4th Sun, moon, stars, 5th creatures that live in the sea, 6th animals and humans in land
- #6 HELIOCENTRIC MODEL/THEORY- Sun is at the center of the universe (or solar system) with the Earth and other planets orbiting around it. GEOCENTRIC MODEL- Earth is at the center THEORY OF RELATIVITY- understanding of space, time, and gravity and played a critical role in explaining the concept of an expanding universe. (PAG WALANG GRAVITY MAY TENDENCY NA MAS NAGMOMOVE NG MABILIS ANG MGA OBJECTS) framework to describe how the universe evolves over time. The most widely accepted explanation to the origin of the universe is the big bang theory. DISCUSS THE BIG BANG THEORY ON NEXT SLIDE
- #11 These astronomers studied the light coming from spiral galaxies. Redshift: When light from a galaxy moves away from us, it gets stretched, making it appear redder (like the sound of a siren getting lower in pitch as it moves away). This is called the redshift of light. Discovery: Slipher and Wirtz noticed that most spiral galaxies showed redshift, meaning they were moving away from Earth. This was one of the first clues that the universe might be expanding.
- #12 Hubble used telescopes to calculate the distances between Earth and distant galaxies. He compared these distances to their redshift. Hubble's Observation:The farther a galaxy is, the faster it’s moving away from us.
- #13 CMBR- It’s like an "echo" of the Big Bang, giving us direct evidence that the universe had a hot, dense beginning. the big bang and the different evolutionary stages of stars, nucleosynthesis occurred. DISCUSS THE NUCLEOSYNTHESIS ON NEXT SLIDE
- #16 ADDITIONAL: It is believed to have occurred in the first few minutes of the big bang
- #18 According to this theory, the temperature of the early universe was very high that all matter were fully ionized. A few minutes after the big bang the universe cooled and nucleosynthesis began to take place, characterized by the following series of reactions. DISCUSS NO.1
- #19 Mass number – taas Atomic number- baba
- #23 The most abundant element is Hydrogen. ADDITIONAL The big bang nucleosynthesis did not produce elements heavier than beryllium. NEXT LESSON IS ABOUT STELLAR AND SUPERNOVA NUCLEOSYNTHESIS.
- #25 I-connect yung activity here yesterday Then discuss that matter is made up of tiny and indivisible particles called atom. So, in continuation, we will talk about the atom and its particles and its connection to the elements
- #28 Discuss the charged particles of this three: Protons, neutrons, and electrons are commonly called sub-atomic particles. They are essential components for constructing an atom. Each atom has different numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons. And that is how the atoms preserve their identity and uniqueness. They have different charges and differ in their masses. Also, the roles of each of the sub-atomic particles are quite different from each other. The main difference between Proton, Neutron and Electrons can be found in their charges. Protons are positively charged and neutrons are neutral whereas electrons are negatively charged. Next discuss the atomic mass and atomic number and kung paano makuha yung mga yun
- #31 Example
- #32 Example
- #33 Example
- #37 Answer the first given symbol. Discuss first kung papano makuha proton, neutron and electron Then after that let students to answer the rest it on their own
- #38 Answer the first given symbol. Discuss first kung papano makuha proton, neutron and electron Then after that let students to answer the rest it on their own