The Future of Social Networks on the Internet: The Need for Semantics

The Future of Social Networks on the Internet: The Need for Semantics John G. Breslin, Stefan Decker, Uldis Bojars {firstname.lastname@deri.org} Semantic Technologies Conference / San Jose, USA / 19th May 2008

URL for the presentation View the slides at Slideshare: http://url.ie/e46

Our mission and vision DERI Galway’s mission is “to exploit semantics for: People Organisations Systems to collaborate and interoperate on a global scale” DERI Galway’s vision is “to be recognised as being among the leading international web science research institutes interlinking technologies, information and people to advance business and benefit society”

Founded June 2003 with 1 fulltime member (green field) Status as of May 2008: About 130 members (from 27 nations) and growing Total research grants: About €23M so far, 17 national and 16 EU projects Research publications > 370 Leading in International and European Semantic Web Conferences Participates in 12 standardisation groups Example technologies: Semantic Digital Libraries Semantic Desktop (in KDE4) Semantic Web Search Engine Some statistics

On the shoulders of giants… Memex (Vannevar Bush) A memex is “a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications.” Augmenting Human Intellect (Doug Engelbart) “ By "augmenting human intellect" we mean increasing the capability of a man to approach a complex problem situation, to gain comprehension to suit his particular needs, and to derive solutions to problems. ” WWW (Tim Berners-Lee) “There was a second part of the dream […] we could then use computers to help us analyse it, make sense of what we re doing, where we individually fit in, and how we can better work together.”

It wasn’t the right time then… Where are we now?

Now, we are making progress…

A network of knowledge… Interconnected Universal All encompassing Enable global and local collaboration The right information for the right people at the right time

Getting to work in the DERI house

What we’re going to talk about today… Collaborating via the Social Web Social networking services (SNSs) so far Issues with social networking services Leveraging semantics on the Social Web: FOAF and SIOC Producers Collectors Consumers Leveraging semantics in Enterprise 2.0 SNSs

Social media sites are like data silos * Source: Pidgin Technologies, www.pidgintech.com

Many isolated communities of users and their data * Source: Pidgin Technologies, www.pidgintech.com

Need ways to connect these islands * Source: Pidgin Technologies, www.pidgintech.com

Allowing users to easily move from one to another * Source: Pidgin Technologies, www.pidgintech.com

Enabling users to easily bring their data with them * Source: Pidgin Technologies, www.pidgintech.com

1. Collaborating via the Social Web

A move from the Web to a “social web” The New Yorker, 1993 “ On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog.” The New Yorker, 2005 “ I had my own blog for a while, but I decided to go back to just pointless, incessant barking.”

What is social media? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media “ Social media uses the ‘wisdom of crowds’ to connect information in a collaborative manner.” “ Social media can take many different forms, including message boards, weblogs, wikis, podcasts, pictures and video.” Popular examples of social media sites: Wikipedia, MySpace / Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, SecondLife, Upcoming, Digg / Reddit / StumbleUpon, Flickr / Zooomr, del.icio.us, World of Warcraft, Amazon Related terms: Web 2.0, Social Web , social software, social networks, social news, social bookmarking, user-generated content

What is Web 2.0? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0 “ Web 2.0 refers to a perceived second generation of web-based communities and hosted services - such as social-networking sites, wikis and folksonomies - which aim to facilitate collaboration and sharing between users.” The term Web 2.0 was made popular by Tim O’Reilly: http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html

Features / principles of Web 2.0 (O’Reilly) The Web as platform Harnessing collective intelligence Data is the next “Intel Inside” End of the software release cycle Lightweight programming models Software above the level of a single device Rich user experiences The long tail

Web 2.0 and social media in simple terms Users Content Tags Comments Users post content Users share content Users annotate content with tags Users browse content via tags Users discuss content via comments Users connect via posted content Users connect directly to users

Content can be… Books Amazon Discussion postings Blogs Bookmarks del.icio.us Photos Flickr Music Last.fm Movies Netflix Events Upcoming.org Places Dopplr Products Microsoft Aura Articles Wikipedia

Blogging: a phenomenon for a new generation? Cincinnati Enquirer, October 2004

Overview of blogs Weblog , web log or simply a blog is a web journal “ A web application which contains periodic time-stamped posts on a common (usually open-access) webpage” Individual diaries -> arms of political campaigns, media programs and corporations (e.g. the Google Blog) Citizen journalism… Posts are often shown in reverse chronological order Comments can be made by the public on some blogs Latest headlines, with hyperlinks and summaries, are syndicated using RSS or Atom formats (e.g. for reading favourite blogs with a feed reader)

The state of the blogosphere from Technorati 70 million blogs The blogosphere is doubling in size every 320 days (slowing down a little) 120,000 new blogs are created each day (i.e. 1.4 new blogs every second) 1.5 million blog posts are made in a day (i.e. 17 posts per second) Around 5-10% of new blogs are spam blogs or “splogs” 35% of blog posts use tags

Definition of wikis A wiki is a type of website that allow users to easily add and edit content and is especially suited for collaborative writing The name is based on the Hawaiian term wiki-wiki, meaning “quick”, “fast”, or “ to hasten ” It amasses to a group of web pages that allows users to quickly add content and also allows others to edit the content: It relies on cooperation, checks and balances of its members, and a belief in sharing of ideas

Some uses of wikis Wikis are being used for: online encyclopaedias free dictionaries book repositories software development project proposals writing research papers event organisation

The Wikipedia: from Irish to Esperanto

The social bookmarking service del.icio.us

All Consuming, what have you read today?

LibraryThing, find out who else reads like you

CiteULike, get publication references from peers

Upcoming event listings and meetups

Dopplr for managing travel, tracking friends abroad

TouristR for travel destination stories and info

You can even share your favourite walks…

… and find others with like musical interests

2. Social networking services (SNSs) so far

We all live in a social network… … of friends, family, workmates, fellow students, acquaintances, etc.

Friend of a friend, or “dúirt bean liom go ndúirt bean leí” Theory that anybody is connected to everybody else (on average) by no more than six degrees of separation Everyone’s connected…

Milgram’s six degrees of separation theory Sociologist Milgram conducted this experiment: Random people from Nebraska were to send a letter (via intermediaries) to a stock broker in Boston Could only send to someone with whom they were on a first-name basis Among the letters that found the target, the average number of links was six Stanley Milgram (1933-1984)

And now a major motion picture, kind of… Six Degrees of Separation (1993) “ I read somewhere that everybody on this planet is separated by only six other people. Six degrees of separation between us and everyone else on this planet. The President of the United States, a gondolier in Venice, just fill in the names... It’s not just big names — it’s anyone. A native in a rain forest, a Tiero del Fuegan, an Eskimo. I am bound — you are bound — to everyone on this planet by a trail of six people.” Play from 1990 by John Guare

The Erdős number Number of links required to connect scholars to Erdős via co-authorship of papers Erdős wrote 1500+ papers with 507 co-authors Jerry Grossman’s site allows mathematicians to compute their Erdős numbers: http://www.oakland.edu/enp/ Connecting path lengths, among mathematicians only: The average is 4.65 The maximum is 13 Paul Erdős (1913-1996)

Trying to make friends Valdis Marc Met Marc and I already had friends in common! I later found out my cousin Ailish also knows Andrew. The “small world” phenomenon… Latvia Uldis DERI John Dublin Clare Bros John C Andrew

“ It’s a small world after all!”, by Kentaro Toyama Kentaro Bash Karishma Sharad Maithreyi Anandan Venkie Soumya Prof. McDermott * Source: http://research.microsoft.com/toyama/talks/ Ranjeet Prof. Sastry PM Manmohan Singh Prof. Balki Pres. Kalam Prof. Jhunjhunwala Dr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia Ravi Dr. Isher Judge Ahluwalia Pawan Aishwarya Ravi’s Father Amitabh Bachchan Prof. Kannan Prof. Prahalad Nandana Sen Prof. Amartya Sen Prof. Veni

The Kevin Bacon game Boxed version of the game Invented by three Albright College students in 1994: Craig Fass, Brian Turtle, Mike Ginelly Goal is to connect any actor to Kevin Bacon, by linking actors who have acted in the same movie The “Oracle of Bacon” website uses IMDB to find the shortest link between any two actors: http://oracleofbacon.org/

The Kevin Bacon game (2) Total number of actors in database (as of 15 th October): 893283 Average path length to Kevin: 2.957 Actor closest to “center”: Rod Steiger (2.68) Rank of Kevin, in terms of closeness to center: 1049th Most actors are within three links of each other!

What are social networking services (SNSs)? From the beginning, the Internet was a medium for connecting not only machines but people Idea behind SNSs is to make the aforementioned real-world relationships explicitly defined online 2002: Friendster 2003: MySpace, LinkedIn, hi5 2004: orkut, Facebook 2005: Bebo

The popularity of SNSs The 10 most popular domains ~= 40% percent of all page views on the Web (Compete, November 2006) Nearly half of those views were from the social networking services MySpace and Facebook – wow! And that’s just in the top 10… Alexa rankings: #5: MySpace #6: Facebook #8: hi5 #10: orkut #18: Friendster #119: Bebo #212: LinkedIn

SNSs attracting lots of monetary / media attention Friendster – $13M VC Tribe – $6.3M VC LinkedIn – $4.7M VC Bebo – $15M VC, sold to AOL for $850M MySpace – Sold for $580M Friends Reunited – Sold for £120M Facebook – $1B Y! offer, 1.6% sold to MS for $250M

Motivation for social network services Allows a user to create and maintain an online network of close friends or business associates for social and professional reasons : Friendships and relationships Offline meetings Curiosity about others Business opportunities Job hunting … For social good: Kevin Bacon – sixdegrees.org Ammado - ammado.com Sun – openeco.org

Big social network services (in terms of accounts) myspace.com 110,000,000 facebook.com 98,000,000 habbo.com 86,000,000 spaces.live.com 40,000,000 orkut.com 59,000,000 hi5.com 70,000,000 friendster.com 58,000,000 xanga.com 40,000,000 classmates.com 40,000,000 flixster.com 36,000,000 netlog.com 32,000,000 reunion.com 28,000,000 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites

Features of social network services Network of friends (inner circle) Person surfing Private messaging Discussion forums Events management Blogging and commenting Media uploading

The success of (and hype around) Facebook According to Robert Scoble today, MS want to buy Facebook for $15-$20B: http://scobleizer.com/2008/05/19/why-microsoft-will-buy-facebook-and-keep-it-closed/ 4,000 applications have been created for Facebook’s developer interface: 70,000 developers signed up Active user count jumped by 70% in the four months after this contributable application layer was added 50% of Facebook users are non-students: People over 24 are its fastest-growing demographic

Get LinkedIn to business contacts, 15 million users

OpenEco, a SNS for managing GHG emissions

Elgg, social networking software for education

Other niche SNSs Age: Multiply (seniors and settled); Boomj (baby boomers); Rezoom Country of origin: Silicon India Gender: CaféMom; MothersClick; Sister Woman (female friends) Occupation: ModelsHotel; FanLib (fiction writers); AdGabber; TheFeng.org (financial services executives); MilitarySpot (military families); Sermo (doctors and physicians) Business and careers: ConnectBuzz; Doostang; Execunet; Netshare; Ryze; Viadeo; Xing Interests: TradeKing (investors); StreetCred (hip hop); IndiePublic (art and design); PeerTrainer (health and wellbeing) * Source: Paul Gibler, Wisconsin Technology Network

Enterprise 2.0 Web 2.0 includes applications such as blogs, wikis, RSS feeds and social networking, while Enterprise 2.0 is the packaging of those technologies in both corporate IT and workplace environments “ Enterprise 2.0 is the use of emergent social software platforms within companies , or between companies and their partners or customers”, Harvard Business School’s Professor Andrew McAfee “ There are direct enterprise equivalents [to Facebook]. You can ask people the status of their projects, what they’re working on, are they travelling, things they’ve learned . All of these things would be very valuable inside an enterprise.”

Social media services that people have been using in everyday life on the Web are now entering organisations: Blogs Wikis Social networking Tagging Lots of companies and products in this space: Awareness, Mentor Scout, Contact Networks, Microsoft SharePoint, IBM Lotus Connections, SelectMinds, introNetworks, Tacit, Illumio, Jive Software, Visible Path, Leverage Software, Web Crossing, SocialText These new deployments also face the same issues that are on the Web Enterprise 2.0 (2)

Visible Path Visible Path powers “Hoover’s Connect” for business research company Hoover's, which lets users know how they're connected to companies and people in the Hoover's database

3. Issues with social networking services

Problems with SNSs Fundamental problems block their potential to access the full range of available content and networked people online There is a need to build semantic social networking into the fabric of the next-generation Internet itself: Interconnecting both content and people in a meaningful way

First issue Need interesting objects to draw you back to keep on using social networking services * Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Object-Centered Sociality”, Reboot 7

Many social networking services are boring… * Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Object-Centered Sociality”, Reboot 7

Object-centred sociality can provide meaning Users connected via a common object, e.g., their job, university, hobbies, a date… “ Another tradition of theorizing offers an explanation of why Russell linked out, and why so many YASNS ultimately fail.” “ According to this theory, people don’t just connect to each other. They connect through a shared object.” * Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Why Some Social Networks Work…”

Object-centred sociality can provide meaning (2) “ When a service fails to offer the users a way to create new objects of sociality, they turn the connecting itself into an object [LinkedIn].” “ Good services allow people to create social objects that add value.” Flickr = photos del.icio.us = bookmarks Blogs = discussion posts * Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Why Some Social Networks Work…”

… that connect us to other people Discussions Bookmarks Annotations Profiles Microblogs Multimedia … These are the social objects…

Second issue We all have too many separate profiles and sets of contacts on disconnected social networking services

So many social media sites… * Source: Smashcut Media, www.smashcut-media.com

Filling out your profiles, re-adding your friends…

Uploading posts and content items to “stovepipes”!

What if I use multiple services and I want to… Move the stuff I have on one service to another (e.g. move all my blog posts, comments, friends, etc. from WordPress.com to “Acme Blogs”) Move all my stuff from multiple services to one third-party service Centralise my stuff on my own service, e.g. my blog See my stuff on a third-party service providing an aggregate view, like FriendFeed

Initiatives set up to address this recently Social network portability: http://groups.google.com/group/social-network-portability A bill of rights for users of the Social Web: http://opensocialweb.org/ DataPortability: http://dataportability.org/ DiSo: http://code.google.com/p/diso/ OpenSocial (see also Friend Connect): http://opensocial.org/

Social network portability Need distributed social networks and reusable profiles Users may have many identities and sets of friends on different social networks, where each identity was created from scratch Allow user to import existing profile and contacts, using a single global identity with different views (e.g., via FOAF, hCard, OpenID, etc.) See also: http://bradfitz.com/social-graph-problem/ http://danbri.org/words/2007/09/13/194 http://code.google.com/apis/socialgraph/

Social networking fatigue How many general or niche SNSs are you willing to register and / or interact with? People search engine and aggregation sites are now appearing to compensate: SocialURL – organise your online identities PeekYou – matching web pages with their owners Spock – organising information around people Rapleaf – reputation lookup and email search Wink – free people search engine FriendFeed – subscribe to all of your friends’ feeds

Ownership, control, freedom at opensocialweb.org

The DataPortability initiative http://dataportability.org Existing technologies Inventing no new ones

Other initiatives “near” DataPortability

Fold a social networking layer into tech stacks Make social networking a shared component across various desktop and Web applications Rather than having a fragmented view of one’s network in each application, the social networking stack would let users employ all their person-to-person connections in any application: See http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MIC.2007.138

4. Leveraging semantics on the Social Web

timbl on Semantic Web / Social Web synergies “ I think we could have both Semantic Web technology supporting online communities , but at the same time also online communities can support Semantic Web data by being the sources of people voluntarily connecting things together .” Sir Tim Berners-Lee, podcast interview during ISWC 2005 http://esw.w3.org/topic/IswcPodcast

Semantics can help By using agreed-upon semantic formats to describe people, content objects and the connections that bind them all together , social media sites can interoperate by appealing to common semantics Developers are already using semantic technologies to augment the ways in which they create, reuse, and link profiles and content on social media sites (using FOAF, XFN / hCard, SIOC, etc.) In the other direction, object-centered social networks can serve as rich data sources for semantic applications

The (evolving) Semantic Web layer cake http://www.w3.org/2007/03/layerCake.png

A need for common semantics Communities should provide their data in a common, machine-understandable way: RDF (resource description framework) as a data layer One single format for all the data Different transport layers (RDF/XML, N3, etc.) ‏ The base of the Semantic Web Communities should use common semantics to define this data: Avoiding the use of proprietary APIs Since this means that they can talk together, exchange information, using the same modelling layer for their data Using SIOC for representing content and actions Using FOAF for representing people and networks

FOAF (Friend-of-a-Friend) FOAF is an ontology for describing people and the relationships that exist between them Can be integrated with any other SW vocabularies Some services with FOAF exports: People can also create their own FOAF document and link to it from their homepage FOAF documents usually contain personal info, links to friends, and other related resources

A distributed social network with FOAF Can use FOAF to describe social networks across a number of services Picture shows data from both boards.ie and John’s hand-coded FOAF file

The (lowercase) semantic web Microformats: http://microformats.org/ “ Designed for humans first and machines second, microformats are a set of simple, open data formats built upon existing and widely adopted standards.” Embedded metadata within (X)HTML web pages

Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities (SIOC) An effort from DERI to discover how we can create and establish ontologies on the Semantic Web Goal of the SIOC ontology is to address interoperability issues on the (Social) Web SIOC has been adopted in a framework of 50 applications or modules deployed on over 400 sites http://sioc-project.org

Motivations for SIOC Need to understand how to create and establish ontologies on the Web: Social engineering is required Model, agree, deploy, re-model Disconnected sites on the Social Web require ontologies for interoperation: Lots of social data, inherent semantics (chicken and egg) Potential for high impact In parallel, lack of integration between social software and other systems in enterprise intranets

The aims of SIOC To “semantically-interlink online communities” To fully describe the content and structure of community sites To create new connections between online discussion posts and items, forums and containers To enable the integration of online community information To browse connected Social Web items in interesting and innovative ways To overcome the chicken-and-egg problem with the Semantic Web

The steps involved Develop an ontology of terms for representing rich data from the Social Web Create a food chain for producing, collecting and consuming SIOC data As well dissemination via papers about SIOC, provide docs and examples at sioc-project.org SIOC aims to enrich the Web infrastructure: During the next upgrade cycle, gigabytes of community data become available!

The SIOC ontology The main classes and properties are: SIOC Specification: http://rdfs.org/sioc/spec

Quotes about SIOC “ I […] think the concept is HOT” – Robert Douglass, Drupal Developer “ It just dawned on me that the burgeoning SIOC-o-sphere (online communities exporting and exposing content via SIOC Ontology) is actually: Blogosphere 2.0” – Kingsley Idehen, Founder and CEO of OpenLink Software “ SIOC has the potential to become one of the foundational vocabularies that make Semantic Web applications useful” – Ivan Herman, W3C / ERCIM “ A project that started back in 2000 called Friend-of-a-Friend (FOAF) represents relationships between people, as well as basic contact details. SIOC does this for groups: it extends the FOAF idea to being able to talk about whole groups of people. I am excited about SIOC because you can use that information to determine trust, to let people in.” – Tim Berners-Lee, Creator of the World Wide Web

SIOC metrics SIOC documents at PTSW: 107759 (SIOC) 96540 (SIOC Types) 42911 hits in Swoogle Sites producing SIOC data: 373 listed in PTSW pings SIOC ontology is ranked 4 th and SIOC Types module 5 th in 500 ontologies at PTSW SIOC developer mailing list: 200 members 900 posts

What is required to represent a community? Represent the data, not only documents: From the WWW to a “GGG”, hyperlinks to semantic relationships A model for all the aspects of a community: Users accounts, groups and roles: Reader, reviewer, moderator Content and types: A blog, a blog post, a bulletin board, a wiki page, etc. Actions between users and content: Uldis creates a post, Alex comments on it, John moderates it A model for the entire content: Any data: RSS 1.0 and Atom limited to syndication / latest posts Any user and relationship: new user, new post, replies, etc.

Representing community data with SIOC Using SIOC as an ontology to represent the activities of online communities on the Web: Namespace: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns Five top-level classes: User / Role / Space / Container / Item A “SIOC Types” module for Social Web content Action: A user posts an item in a container A Semantic Web citizen: Reusing and interlinking existing ontologies Not reinventing the wheel (connects to DC, FOAF, etc.): http://www.w3.org/Submission/2007/SUBM-sioc-related-20070612/

Example of SIOC data Alex wrote a post on his WordPress blog: :myblogpost rdf:type sioc:Post ; dc:title “I’m blogging this” ; sioc:has_creator :alex ; sioc:has_container :mywpblog . :mywpblog rdf:type sioc: Forum .

The same model for any website John wrote a post on his Drupal-powered blog: :myblogpost rdf:type sioc:Post ; dc:title “Another blog post” ; sioc:has_creator :john ; sioc:has_container :mydrupal . :mydrupal rdf:type sioc: Forum .

The same model for rich data Uldis owns a photo gallery on Flickr: :myitempost rdf:type exif:IFD ; dc:title “Another posted item”; sioc:has_creator :john ; sioc:has_container :myflickrgallery . :myflickrgallery rdf:type sioct:ImageGallery . We reuse external vocabularies (e.g. EXIF) to define item types

Interlinking communities Since all communities can use the same model to define their data, it is easy to link them from a data point of view Interlinking: URIs are used to define things and created objects A post on blog “A” can be semantically linked to a post on blog “B” Using SPARQL to query data: Can perform unified queries no matter where the data comes from No need to learn new APIs from data providers SPARQL is a W3C Recommendation for querying RDF

FOAF and social network connections FOAF allows us to represent the connections between people: A machine-readable format for social-networking Using the foaf:knows property: :John foaf:knows :Alex Extensions using the RELATIONSHIP vocabulary: http://vocab.org/relationship/ All rel:* properties are subproperties of foaf:knows :John rel:worksWith :Uldis RDFS inferencing allows tools to answer queries using foaf:knows when people use rel:* alternatives

Linking people to user accounts FOAF is the main vocabulary used to represent people: http://foaf-project.org foaf:Person class: “ The foaf:Person class represents people. Something is a foaf:Person if it is a person.” foaf:holdsAccount property: “ The foaf:holdsAccount property relates a foaf:Agent to a foaf:OnlineAccount for which they are the sole account holder.” Linking people to user accounts: sioc:User rdfs:subClassOf foaf:onlineAccount Links a foaf:Person to various sioc:User(s) As many sioc:User(s) as required can be linked to a single person One people, various identities

Representing users and online accounts The sioc:User class: An online user account Can be thought of as a virtual representation of any person online, within the context of a given social media website or community A subclass of foaf:OnlineAccount Various properties: name, avatar, email Users create and manage content: has_creator and has_modifier properties :blogpost123 sioc:has_creator :john A user can have roles on a given container: (Moderator, Forum 1) ← User A (Contributor, Blog 2) ← User B

A person and their user accounts

Add SKOS for topics and categories Interlinking using common categories: Share tags and topics across different content SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organisation System): http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/ A vocabulary to describe controlled vocabularies Used in the “Tag Ontology”: http://www.holygoat.co.uk/projects/tags/

Interlinking content with SKOS skos:isSubjectOf sioc:topic

Interlinking content items Can create direct links between instances of sioc:Item: Link from a blog post to a bulletin board page sioc:related_to, sioc:links_to, sioc:has_reply Interlinking using common categories: Share tags and topics across different content SKOS: Simple Knowledge Organisation System http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/ A vocabulary to describe controlled vocabularies Used in the “Tag Ontology”: http://www.holygoat.co.uk/projects/tags/ Interlink using existing URIs as topics geonames.org , DBpedia, Revyu MOAT: a process to simplify linking content to such URIs http://moat-project.org/

Identity management across networks Social media sites (or RDF exporters) create a new foaf:Person instance when they export their data: TalkDigger, Revyu, Flickr exporters, etc. There is a need to unify URIs so as to represent one's unified identity Linked-data principles are to use owl:sameAs and rdfs:seeAlso: See http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/bizer/pub/LinkedDataTutorial/ owl:sameAs: Used to identify two resources with different URIs as being the same resource rdfs:seeAlso: “More information about this resource can be found here”, can be used by Semantic Web tools such as Tabulator Inference using owl:InverseFunctionalProperty: foaf:mbox, foaf:openid, etc. can be used to identify uniqueness for a foaf:Person Unifying aspects of a foaf:Person across networks: All relevant sioc:User accounts may be related to one foaf:Person

:alex owl:sameAs flickr:33669349@N00 ; owl:sameAs twitter:terraces Linking foaf:Person URIs for one person

Distributed social networking with FOAF Combining networks from multiple FOAF URIs via owl:sameAs: Decentralised social networks can represent connections for the same person A person’s networks can be merged together Any sub-network in the social graph can be reached from a single entry point, via the person’s URI

Integrating social networks with FOAF Common formats, unique URIs * Source: Sheila Kinsella, Applications of Social Network Analysis 2007

Distributed social networking with FOAF

Applications for browsing the social (semantic) graph FOAFnaut, FOAF Explorer, etc. FOAFGear: thanks to common semantics, only 100 lines of code: http://apassant.net/home/2008/01/foafgear/

Aggregation of semantic social networks Browse / re-use your social graph in personal applications Merge identities with pre-defined rules Tools: Beatnik Knowee SPARQLpress Nepomuk (Social Semantic Desktop)

Using OpenID with FOAF Can link to your FOAF profile from your OpenID URL, so that services can browse your machine-readable profile when you log-in: <head> <link rel="meta" type="application/rdf+xml" title="FOAF" href="foaf.rdf" /> </head>

Example of OpenID used with FOAF Bob creates an account on Networkr, a new social networking website, using OpenID Networkr retrieves the FOAF URI thanks to an auto-discovery link From the FOAF file, it identifies if there are any people already subscribed to Networkr who are listed in Bob’s defined relationships: Bob can add them as “local connections”, share data with them, etc. without having to once again search for / add his friends Specific rules: If I know X from Flickr, he / she can see my pictures on Networkr

SIOC d ata p roducers SIOC a pplications l ist : http://rdfs.org/sioc/applications/ > 20 a pplications for p roducing SIOC d ata : F ree and o pen s ource SIOC e xport t ools for: Blogs and forums: WordPress, phpBB, Drupal, b2evolution “ Legacy” applications: m ailing lists, IRC New media: Twitter, Jaiku , Facebook, Flickr Enterprise applications: CWE (collaborative work environments)

Case studies WordPress SIOC exporter: http://sioc-project.org/wordpress First SIOC plugin created, custom built vBulletin and phpBB SIOC exporters: http://wiki.sioc-project.org/index.php/VBSIOC http://sioc-project.org/phpbb Uses SIOC API for PHP

Overview of WordPress SIOC exporter Installation: Download from http://sioc-project.org/wordpress “ Drop” two files into the WordPress plugins folder Go to the administrator’s user interface Plugins -> SIOC Plugin -> “Activate” SIOC data created for every page: Data describing all blog posts, comments, users, etc. SIOC data can be discovered via RDF autodiscovery links: <link rel="meta" type="application/rdf+xml" title="SIOC" href="http://www.johnbreslin.com/blog/index.php?sioc_type=site" /> Data can be explored or crawled using existing Semantic Web applications

Sample export of SIOC data from WordPress

RDF data from the WordPress SIOC Exporter, displayed in the SIOC RDF Browser

SIOC export APIs Benefits: Hides the complexity from application developers Can be used by people who are not Semantic Web experts Automatically updated according to changes in the SIOC ontology and best practices documents Existing SIOC APIs: Java Perl (new!) PHP (most used) RDFa on Rails See “2.1 SIOC APIs” in http://rdfs.org/sioc/applications/

Overview of vBulletin and phpBB SIOC Exporters There is a large amount of structured related information contained within message boards, and this can be leveraged in interesting ways by exposing the semantic data for new applications Exporters have been developed for commercial (vBulletin) and open-source (phpBB) message board systems, bringing these islands together and allowing conversations on topics that are taking place across various sites vBulletin and phpBB SIOC Exporters are based on the SIOC API for PHP: http://wiki.sioc-project.org/index.php/PHPExportAPI

Sample export of SIOC data from vBulleti n

Sample export of SIOC data from vBulleti n (2)

SIOC competition with boards.ie boards.ie has been publishing social graph information online using FOAF since 2004 With its 10 years of discussions, boards.ie can serve as a rich source of SIOC data for the Social Semantic Web: The data to be “SIOC-ified” is already all publicly viewable, but it is difficult to leverage without any added semantics due to the fact that it is embedded in heavily-styled HTML pages DERI are sponsoring a competition with prizes (the top prize is €3000) for whoever is judged to have produced the most interesting application(s) that makes use of the SIOC data exported from boards.ie To enter, go to http://data.sioc-project.org

Creating your own exporters Use SIOC API(s) if possible: Or create new APIs to contribute back to the community Creating RDF data is easy: Use the plugin API provided by the host system Collect required information from the host (CMS) system Create in-memory RDF or object model (optional) Serialise RDF data (using RDF API or print templates) Seek help from the SIOC developer community: http://sioc-project.org/ or SIOC-Dev mailing list or #sioc on IRC

Explore more producers of SIOC data Sioku: SIOC data from Jaiku microblogging service http://sioku.sioc-project.org/ SWAML: Exports mailing list archives in RDF http://swaml.berlios.de/ OpenLink DataSpaces: Uses SIOC as a representation format for multiple social spaces http://virtuoso.openlinksw.com/wiki/main/Main/OdsIndex/ Use the Semantic Radar extension for Firefox for detecting / exploring SIOC data: http://sioc-project.org/firefox

There is a lot of Social Semantic Web data available: From services Via exporters Hand-crafted But it is scattered all around the Web: How do we find, browse, query, reuse it? These need to be addressed: To provide novel applications that can leverage the interlinked nature of this data from the Social Web To show the benefits of RDF and the Semantic Web Motivation for finding and reusing semantic data

Finding data from the Social SW PingTheSemanticWeb: http://pingthesemanticweb.com A ping service for SW documents REST or XML/RPC Accepts, reads different formats: RDF/XML, N3, Turtle The “blo.gs” of the Semantic Web Various ontologies detected by PTSW: FOAF, DOAP, SIOC, etc. About 1M documents, 3.7M pings “ A Scripting Architecture to Discover and Query Decentralized RDF Data”, The 3rd Workshop on Scripting for the Semantic Web (SFSW 2007), Innsbruck, Austria, June 2007

Direct ping to PingTheSemanticWeb: Blog engine s : WordPress, Drupal, etc. Services: Revyu, TalkDigger “ Semantic Radar” extension for Firefox: http://sioc-project.org/firefox Easy to setup and use (Firefox extension, auto-update) Support for RDFa! Architecture of participation: just browse the Web Discover Semantic Web documents using RDF autodiscovery links (a popular practice for advertising Atom/RSS and FOAF ): <head> <link rel="meta" type="application/rdf+xml" title="FOAF" href="http://example.com/people/~you/foaf.rdf"/> </head> Advertising RDF data to PTSW

Semantic Radar in action, sending pings to PTSW Click to view SW data.

PTSW acts as a central access point for RDF data: Subscribe to the service Ask for recent updates Apply namespace restrictions (e.g. export FOAF only) Get fresh Semantic Web data Concentrate on your tools, rather than on finding the data Reusing data from PTSW

Sindice: Lookup service for Semantic Web documents doap:store: DOAP-based projects directory SWSE, Zitgist, Swoogle: Semantic Web search engines Existing services that can make use of PTSW

Write your own Social Semantic Web application Find data: Subscribe to PTSW Make a crontab script to regularly fetch new data Store data: Plain-text files RDF stores Query the data: SPARQL query language and protocol, a W3C recommendation “ Trying to use the Semantic Web without SPARQL is like trying to use a relational database without SQL” - Tim Berners-Lee

Storing RDF data RDF stores: Storage systems for triples Better performance that distributed queries Some support inference engines (OWL, RDFS) Many provide an open SPARQL endpoint to let people use data Various implementations: YARS (Java) ARC2 (PHP) 3Store (C) Virtuoso, etc.

Querying RDF data SPARQL language: A language to query a set of triples REST-protocol between clients and endpoint Results in standard formats (XML or JSON) http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/ SPARQL endpoint: Remotely accessible data Data openness Easy to use , e.g. ARC2 requires just three lines of code: include_once('path/to/arc/ARC2.php'); $ep = ARC2::getStoreEndpoint(array(...)); $ep->go();

Semantic Web Search Engine (SWSE) A large-scale Semantic Web search engine developed and run by DERI Galway : http://swse.deri.org/ Andreas Harth, Jürgen Umbrich, Aidan Hogan, Stefan Decker , “ YARS2: A Federated Repository for Querying Graph Structured Data from the Web”, The 6th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2007) , pp. 211-224, Busan, Korea, 2007

What does SWSE do? SWSE searches and navigates factual entities collected from over 200,000 data sources Components: Web-scale crawling and object consolidation Fully-distributed RDF storage and SPARQL query processing using YARS2 (already achieved 7 billion synthetically generated triples) ‏ Advanced schema agnostic ranking User interface with guided navigation Features: Ability to handle various entity types (such as people, places, proteins) and various media types Tracking provenance of triples using context / named graphs Search and explore the Semantic Web at: http://swse.deri.org/

SWSE™ data flow Query Processor Index Crawler User Interface

SPARQLing Social Semantic Web data Find all posts and their titles by John, using SELECT, and combining vocabularies (DC, SIOC, SIOC Types): SELECT ?post ?title WHERE { ?post rdf:type sioct:BlogPost ; dc:title ?title ; sioc:has_creator <$johns_URI> . }

SPARQLing Social Semantic Web data (2) Find all users that posted replies to John’s blog since January 2008, introducing the FILTER clause: SELECT ?who WHERE { ?post rdf:type sioct:BlogPost ; dc:title ?title ; sioc:has_creator <$johns_URI> . ?post sioc:has_reply ?reply . ?reply sioc:has_creator ?who ; dcterms:created ?date . FILTER (?date > "2008-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) }

SPARQLing Social Semantic Web data (3) Find all content created by someone with a given OpenID URL: Browse someone’s social media contributions posted on various websites using different account names, but for the same person SELECT ?item WHERE { ?person foaf:openid <$openid> ; foaf:holdsAccount ?user . ?user sioc:creator_of ?item . }

Parse SPARQL results SPARQL XML JSON: Easiest Many extensions (e.g. PHP5) Many examples

Querying RDF files Redland: http://librdf.org Bindings: Available for PHP, Python, etc. Example in Python: Import RDF m = RDF.Model() m.load(‘http://apassant.net/foaf.rdf’) q = RDF.Query("SELECT ?s WHERE { ?s ?p ?o .}") results = q1.execute(model) for result in results: print result[’s']

Need more data? Translate any data to SIOC: Re-use SIOC tools for non-SIOC data Semantic Pipes: http://pipes.deri.org/ SPARQL constructs: The “XSLT” of RDF Translate a set of RDF data from one graph format to another For example: CONSTRUCT { ?x a sioc:Post . ?x sioc:has_creator ?y } WHERE { ?x a myont:BlogElement . ?x myont:created_by ?y }

Consuming SIOC as Semantic Web data SIOC = RDF data Generic Semantic Web applications can be used: RDF APIs (Jena, Redland, etc.) RDF c rawlers RDF b rowsers (Tabulator, Zit g ist, SIOC RDF Browser, etc. ) M ore apps : http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/SW-FAQ#tools Customi s ed applications can provide more added value and / or better user interface s : SIOC Explorer (faceted browsing of SIOC data) Buxon, etc.

sparql.captsolo.net/browser SIOC RDF Browser

Demonstration of SIOC Explorer

Accessing SIOC content from multiple sources Browsing SIOC content from one source Filter by “facet” from all sources Facet can be a direct or indirect property: Direct The topic of the content item The creator of the item The date created … Indirect A geographic location of the person who created it The gender of the person An interest shared by many creators

Browsing SIOC with TimeLine (2)

Semantic MicrOBlogging [SMOB] (2) User publishing services can ping one or a set of SMOB aggregating servers (and post on Twitter simultaneously) Users can retain control of their own data (in RDF) through self hosting For the server, ARC2 is used for storage / querying and Exhibit for the user interface: Security and privacy are open issues, but can be addressed in some part by requiring OpenID authentication At http://smob.sioc-project.org you can test client / server Download from http://smob.googlecode.com/

Using SIOC and FOAF to represent portable data

Porting social media contributions from data providers to import services Importing SIOC data: A Semantic Web “building block” for portable data

SIOC i mport t ools Importing SIOC data is easy: Parse SIOC RDF data (e.g. using ARC2 or RAP for PHP) Convert SIOC data to the content model of the target system : e.g. content and other properties of blog posts and comments Can use SIOC APIs to hold the data model Store data in the target application : T he most difficult part  More info: Uldis Bo jā rs, Alexandre Passant, John Breslin, Stefan Decker, “Social Network and Data Portability using Semantic Web Technologies” , T he 2nd Workshop on Social Aspects of the Web (SAW 2008), Innsbruck, Austria, May 2008

WordPress SIOC Importer We have lots of producers of SIOC data, but now we need more applications that can consume it, like the SIOC WordPress Importer: http://wiki.sioc-project.org/w/SIOC_Import_Plugin Just as WordPress can import blog entries from various blogging systems, the SIOC importer can import any discussion posts (and comments) represented in SIOC (forum posts, mail messages, IRC chats, etc.) SIOC data from various formats (e.g. RDFa, GRDDL) can be used

SIOC import process for WordPress Parse RDF data (using the open-source RAP RDF parser for PHP) Find all posts, i.e. instances of sioc:Post, which exhibit all of the properties required by the target site For each post found, it creates a new post and all its comments using WordPress API calls To do: Multiple sources Authentication Synchronisation SIOC import APIs

5. Leveraging semantics in Enterprise 2.0 SNSs

Semantic Web technologies can be leveraged in organisations for: Knowledge management Data integration Reasoning Augmented search See the SWEO use cases document: http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/sweo/public/UseCases/ More than 25 case studies and use cases Vodafone, NASA, Renault, etc. Semantic Web in organisations

Distributed Web 2.0 corporate information systems McAfee’s “SLATES” requirements for Enterprise 2.0: Search Links Authoring Tagging Extension Signals The Semantic Web can offer enhanced functionality by interlinking Enterprise 2.0 data with common semantics: Use back-end ontologies to extend search Search by type (i.e. restrict to wiki pages) Provide semantic links between documents

Using SIOC in collaborative working environments

Accessing BSCW spaces in BC with SIOC / WSDL

Interconnecting Enterprise 2.0 services RDF hub architecture (Tim Berners-Lee): Add-ons to produce RDF data from existing Web 2.0 applications Store distributed data using RDF stores Create new applications: Semantic mashups Semantic search Open architecture thanks to a SPARQL endpoint, services as plugins to the architecture

OpenLink DataSpaces ODS provides access to SIOC instance data from a range of ODS application instances including blogs, wikis, aggregated feeds, shared bookmarks, discussions, photo galleries, briefcases, etc.

Addressing the issues Object-centred sociality makes sense: This is the way we really use social websites Use semantics to describe this usage, by representing objects that can be linked and reused across sites Interlinking disconnected sites and profiles: Leverage a “vocabulary onion” of linked semantic ontologies including FOAF and SIOC Describe people, social networks, content items within and across sites Providing solutions for Enterprise 2.0: Not only the Social Web, but novel uses in organisations

Realisations of how to leverage social semantics

A vocabulary onion, building on FOAF, SKOS, SIOC, SIOC Types, DC

Disconnected sites on the Social Web / Web 2.0 can be linked using Semantic Web vocabularies

Some examples of where SIOC is already use (about 50 implementations / applications)

A list of some of these SIOC implementations Creating SIOC data SIOC APIs SIOC Export API for PHP* SIOC API for Java* Weblog, forum and CMS exporters WordPress SIOC Exporter Dotclear SIOC Exporter* b2evolution SIOC Exporter Drupal SIOC Exporter phpBB 2.x SIOC Exporter Triplify* Other exporters OpenLink DataSpaces* TalkDigger* SWAML* Mailing List Archives* Mailing List Exporter* Twitter2RDF* IRC2RDF* Sioku (Jaiku2RDF) gnizr* OpenQabal* BlogEngine.NET* Using SIOC data SPARQL endpoints, querying SIOC data ODS demo server and MyOpenLink.net* #B4mad.Net SPARQL endpoint* Crawling and browsing SIOC data SIOC Crawler SIOC Browsers* and SIOC Explorer Buxon* Using SIOC for new data Fishtank* BAETLE* RDFa on Rails* IkeWiki* int.ere.st OpenLink Virtuso AMI* Talis Engage* Reusing SIOC data IKHarvester, notitio.us and JeromeDL BSCW*, BC*, Corona* SIOC utilities Finding and indexing SIOC data Semantic Radar PingTheSemanticWeb.com* * Created outside DERI

Thank-you… Do you want to know more? Thanks to Alexandre Passant for help with the slides The SIOC project is supported by Science Foundation Ireland under grant number SFI/02/CE1/I131 The SIOC project page: http://sioc-project.org The SIOC W3C member submission: http://www.w3.org/Submission/2007/02 A SIOC developer mailing list: http://groups.google.com/group/sioc-dev An IRC chat channel about SIOC: irc://irc.freenode.net/sioc A comprehensive list of SIOC applications: http://rdfs.org/sioc/applications/ The SIOC Browser prototype: http://sparql.captsolo.net/browser/ Semantic Radar extension for Firefox: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/3886

The Future of Social Networks on the Internet: The Need for Semantics

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The Future of Social Networks on the Internet: The Need for Semantics