The illumination
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The document discusses different aspects of illumination and lighting. It defines illumination as the quantity of light falling on a surface and discusses factors that determine quality of lighting such as glare, shadows and contrast. It then describes different lighting schemes such as direct, indirect, semi-direct and general lighting. It also discusses types of lamps including incandescent, fluorescent, LED and OLED. The document recommends lux levels for different indoor activities and emphasizes the importance of energy efficient lighting and integrating daylight with electric lighting.
The illumination
- 1. ILLUMINATION "REAL ART IS ILLUMINATION, IT ADDS STATURE TO LIFE"
- 2. WHAT IS ILLUMINATION? The quantity of light or luminous flux falling on a unit area of a surface. Illumination is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the surface from the source of light
- 3. Q U A L I T Y O F L I G H T I N G
- 5. FACTORS OF GOOD QUALITY OF LIGHT The illumination should not be harmful to the viewers.It should be glare-free, shadow-less and contrast free. Direct glare from the source of light is a most common factor.Presence of polished and glassy surface will cause indirect glare unless a diffused light is used. Hard and long shadows can be avoided by using a large number of lamps and adjusting the mounting height
- 6. LIGHTING SCHEMES Lighting schemes are classified according to the location, requirement, and purpose etc. are as under: 1. Direct lighting 2. Indirect lighting 3. Semidirectlighting 4. Semi-indirect lighting 5. General lighting
- 7. DIRECT LIGHTING In this system, almost 90 to 95% light falls directly on the object or the surface. The light is made to fall upon the surface with the help of deep reflectors. Such type of lighting scheme is most used in industries and commercial lighting. Although this scheme is most efficient it is liable to cause glare and shadows.
- 8. INDIRECT LIGHTING In this system,the light does not fall directly on the surface but more than 90 % of light is directed upwards by using diffusing reflectors. Here the ceiling acts as a source of light and this light is uniformly distributed over the surface and glare is reduced to a minimum. It provides shadowless illumination which is useful for drawing offices and composing rooms.
- 9. SEMI-DIRECT LIGHTING This is also an efficient system of lighting and chances of glare are also reduced. Here transparent type shades are used through which about 60% light is directed downward and 40 % is directed upward. This also provides a uniform distribution of light and is best suited for a room with high ceilings.
- 10. In this system, about 60 to 90 % of total light is thrown upward to the ceiling for diffused reflection and the rest reaches the working plane directly.Averysmallamountoflightis absorbed by the bowl. It is mainly used for interior decoration. Semi-indirect Lighting
- 11. GENERAL LIGHTING This system employs such type of luminaries, shades, and reflectors which give equal illumination in all the directions.
- 12. One meter candle or lux is defined as the illumination produced by a uniform source of one CP on the inner surface of a sphere of radius one meter. WHAT IS LUX?
- 13. The outdoor light level is approximately 10,000 lux on a clear day. In the building, in the area closest to windows, the light level may be reduced to approximately 1,000 lux. In the middle area, it may be as low as 25 - 50 lux. Additional lighting equipment is often necessary to compensate the low levels. Earlier it was common with light levels in the range 100 - 300 lux for normal activities. Today the light level is more common in the range 500 - 1000 lux - depending on activity. For precision and detailed works, the light level may even approach 1500 - 2000 lux. Common and Recommended Light Levels Indoors
- 16. Lighting is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. INCANDESCENT DISCHARGE LAMPS FLUORESCENT CFL LED OLED TYPES OF LAMPS
- 17. T Y P E S O F L A M P S FILAMENT OR INCANDESCENT LAMP When an electric current is passed through a fine metallic wire, it raises the temperature of the wire. At low temperature, only heat is produced but at higher temperature light radiations goes on increasing. As filament lamp consists of a fine wire of high resistive material placed in an evacuated glass bulb. This type of lamps is operated at the temperature of 2500 C.
- 18. T Y P E S O F L A M P S DISCHARGE LAMPS This lamp consists of discharge tube made from special heat resistance glass, containing a small amount of metallic sodium, neon gas, and two electrodes. Neon gas is added to start the discharge and to develop enough heat to vaporized sodium. A long tube is required to get more light. To reduce overall dimensions of the lamp, the tube is generally bent into U-shape.
- 19. T Y P E S O F L A M P S FLUORESCENT It is a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp. It consists of a glass tube 25 mm in diameter and 0.6 m, 1.2 m and 1.5 m in length. The tube contains argon gas at a low pressure about 2.5 mm of mercury. At the two ends, two electrodes coated with some electron-emissive material are placed
- 20. T Y P E S O F L A M P S FLUORESCENT The colors produce by this tubes are as: Material Zinc silicate Calciumtungsten Cadmiumborate CalciumHolophosphate Magnesiumtungsten Color Green Pink Blue White or daylight Bluish white
- 21. T Y P E S O F L A M P S COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP( CFL) A low-pressure mercury vapor lamp having two electrodes coated with electron emissive material placed in a glass tube.The tube is coated internally with some fluorescent material in the form of powder. In the tube, one drop of mercury and argon gas is filled at low-pressure.
- 22. T Y P E S O F L A M P S LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED) A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode that emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.
- 23. T Y P E S O F L A M P S AN ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (OLED) An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent.
- 24. Energy savings has become one of the most important issues these days. About 20% of total energy consumption in the world accounts for lighting system alone. Most of the office space electric lights are turned on during the day, even in cases where enough sunlight is available. In such cases daylight integration with electric light offers greater opportunity to reduce lighting consumption. Daylight Integration with Lighting system
- 25. Lighting strategy that integrates with daylight Make daylight integration part of lighting design from the beginning. Use direct/indirect lighting to avoid glare and match daylight distribution Balance the light in a deep room
- 26. LIGHTING CONTROL LIGHT CONTROL IS THE ABILITY TO REGULATE THE LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIGHT IN A GIVEN SPACE FOR SPECIFIC TASK OR SITUATIONS. CONTROLLING LIGHT PROPERLY NOT ONLY ENHANCES THE EXPERIENCE, IT HELPS TO SAVE ENERGY BY USING LIGHT WHEN AND WHERE IT IS NEEDE MOST
- 27. LIGHT CONTROL INTEGRATION LEVEL Three levels of integration can be distinguished for the indoor lighting control . These are listed below: The third level takes into account artificial lighting dealing with artificial lighting plus external interaction with external elements like HVAC systems and blinds. The first level takes into account the artificial lighting alone. The second level takes into account artificial lighting and its control by external information like daylighting, occupancy,...
- 28. Lighting service (deals with the overall lighting management system, it could also be called helighting backbone.) Lighting plant(as an analogy to HVAC central plant deals with the control of central technical areas. It often appears at each building floor. ) Lighting zone (deals with the different interactions in a zone (zone = a room or a set of rooms) Lighting device (is the terminal device, which controls the visual comfort of a specific area. ) The lighting control architecture supports the implementation of the defined strategies. It can be organized in four levels: LIGHTING CONTROL ARCHITECTURE
- 29. LAWS OF ILLUMINATION 1. The Inverse Square Law of Illuminance 2. The Cosine Law of Illuminance This law states that the Illuminance (E) at any point on a plane perpendicular to the line joining the point and source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source and plane. The law states that Illuminance at a point on a plane is proportional to the cosine of the angle of light incident (the angle between the direction of the incident light and the normal to the plane).
- 30. THANK YOU