The making of nationalism in Europe

Section I: Events and Processes
A. The rise of Nationalism in
Europe
B. Nationalism in India
Introduction
1. The French Revolution and
the idea of the nation
2. The making of nationalism in
Europe
3. The age of revolutions: 1830-
1848
4. The making of Germany and
Italy
5. Visualising the nation
6. Nationalism and imperialism
1. The First World War,
Khilafat and Non-
Cooperation
2. Differing strands
within the movement
3. Towards Civil
Disobedience
4. The sense of Collective
Belonging
Units: Units:

Unit 2: The making of Nationalism in Europe
Topics covered in this online class are:
2.1 The Aristocracy and the new middle class
2.2 What did Liberal Nationalism stand for?
2.3 A new Conservatism after 1815
2.4 The Revolutionaries

 Europe didn’t have any nation state (i.e., Independent
country).
Why no
nation state?
There was
too much of
diversity
Example:
Habsburg empire had people
talking in three languages – French,
Italian and German.
Class X
History
Chapter 1

So how did we get the idea of nation wide state?
Europe
Aristocracy
1. High class society.
2. They own a lot of
land.
3. They spoke FRENCH
language.
4. They comprised of
small group.
5. They grew by
marrying in their
own communities.
6. They were very
UNITED.

Europe
Aristocracy Peasantry
1. Majority
population.
2. Looked after
aristocracy land.

Europe
Aristocracy Peasantry
1. Majority
population.
2. Looked after
aristocracy land.
1. Growth in industrial
sector led to new
sector called middle
class.
Now changes started.
Middle class

Middle class people got two ideas:
1. Nation unity
2. Liberal nationalism
 Individual freedom.
 All are equal before law.
 Government should be formed on peoples’ wish.
 End of autocracy rule.
Liberal nationalism
A person who is elected and who
dominates with absolute power. He
hates to give up post his tenure.
Liberalism is a latin word ‘liber’ meaning free.

1. Nation unity
 End of autocracy rule and end of clerical
privileges.

1. Nation unity
 End of autocracy rule and end of clerical privileges.
Pope and clergyman
enjoyed all benefits
whereas peasants
suffered.

 Middle class people got two ideas:
1. Nation unity
 End of autocracy rule and end of clerical privileges.
 Setup of a constitution and a representative government.
 Liberal nationalism
Two ideas of educated middle class

1. Nation unity
 Only men above age 21 and who have property can vote.
WOMEN
CAN NOT
VOTE
Two problems arouse post French
Revolution

1. Nation unity
 Only men above age 21 and who have property can vote.
 State to state trade restrictions.
• In 1834  A custom union was formed “ZOLLVEREIN”.
• It was a initiative of Prussia and later German states joined.
RESULT
• Abolished trade barrier Removal of taxes and custom duties.
• Reduced number of currencies from 30 to 2.
Two problems arouse post French Revolution
• In 1834  A custom union was formed “ZOLLVEREIN”.
• It was a initiative of Prussia and later German states joined.
RESULT
• Abolished trade barrier Removal of taxes and custom duties.
• Reduced number of currencies from 30 to 2.

2.3 A new conservatism after 1815
• Post defeat of Napoleon in ‘Battle of Waterloo” by Britain, Prussia, Russia
and Austria in 1815, European government were driven by a spirit of
conservatism.
What is conservatism?
Conservatism is a political philosophy that:
• Stressed the importance of traditions.
• Established institutions and customs.
• Preferred gradual development to quick change.
In short, it removed Civil Code of 1804 and brought back all old policies.

2.3 A new conservatism after 1815
• Post defeat of Napoleon in ‘Battle of Waterloo” by Britain, Prussia, Russia and
Austria in 1815, European government were driven by a spirit of conservatism.
What is conservatism?
Conservatism is a political philosophy that:
• Stressed the importance of traditions.
• Established institutions and customs.
• Preferred gradual development to quick change.
In short, removed Civil Code of 1804 and brought back all old policies.
 Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria signed a “Treaty of Vienna” in 1815 when
they collectively defeated Napoleon.
 The congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.

Treaty of Vienna
Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria
It consisted of:
1. The Bourbon Dynasty which was destroyed during French Revolution
was restored back in France.
2. States were setup on the boundaries of France to prevent French
expansion in future.

Treaty of Vienna
 Prussia got some important territories in the western frontiers.

Treaty of Vienna
 Austria got control over northern Italy.

Treaty of Vienna
 Austria got control over northern Italy.
 German confederation of 39 states set by Napoleon
was left untouched.
 Russia got Poland.

 Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.
A person who is elected and who
dominates with absolute power.
He hates to give up post his
tenure.

 Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They were
not happy and most of them imposed censorship laws to control
what was written in prints.

 Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They were
not happy and most of them imposed censorship laws to control
what was written in prints.
Prints:
Newspapers, books, plays
and songs
This gave rise to revolutionaries.

1. Secret societies.

 Secret societies.
 Aim:
• Spread idea of nationalism.
• Oppose monarchy.

 Aim:
• Wanted freedom and end autocratic rule.

 Aim:
• Wanted freedom and end autocratic rule.
• Build a nation state.

Italian revolutionary – Giuseppe Mazzini
• Born in Genova in 1807.
• Member of secret society of the Carbonari.
• Age 24, he was sent into exile for attempting a
revolution in Linguria.

He founded two underground societies:
 Young Italy in Marseilles.
 Young Europe in Berne.
He believed in unification of Italy.
Result:
 Following him, more secret societies were set up.
 His constant efforts frightened the conservatives.

He founded two underground societies:
 Young Italy in Marseilles.
 Young Europe in Berne.
He believed in unification of Italy.
Result:
 Following him, more secret societies were set up.
 His constant efforts frightened the conservatives.
 Metternich described Giuseppe Mazzini as the most dangerous enemy of our social order.
Metternich is a German
noble family originating in
the Rhineland.

Daterevision
Dates Events
1789 French Revolution’
1799- 1815 Napoleon Rule
1804 Civil Code
1815 Treaty of Vienna was
signed
1834 Zollverein

Important questions:
1. What does the Latin root ‘Liber’ mean?
2. What do you mean by autocracy?
3. Write a note on Giuseppe Mazzini.
4. Who founded the Secret Society “Young Italy”?
5. Who are Metternich?
6. Who hosted the treaty of Vienna?
7. What is ‘Battle of Waterloo’?
8. What was the meaning of Liberalism in Europe in the
early 18th century?
9. After Napoleon’s defeat, who captured the power of
Europe?
• Revolutionary
• Conservatives
• Communists
• None

The making of nationalism in Europe

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