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![1. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory[1961]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chap-4theoreticalbasisofpsychiatricnursing-210721051654/85/Theoretical-basis-of-psychiatric-nursing-4-320.jpg)
![AGE STAGE MAJOR
DEVELOPMENTAL
TASK
EXAMPLES OF
UNSUCCESSFUL
TASK COMPLETION
Infancy[birth-
18 months]
Trust vs.
mistrust
To develop a
basic trust in the
mothering figure
and learn to
generalize it to
others
Suspiciousness,
trouble with
interpersonal
relationships
Early
childhood [18
months -3
years]
Autonomy
vs. shame
and doubt
To gain some self
control and
independence
within the
environment
Lack of self
confidence, Low
self esteem](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chap-4theoreticalbasisofpsychiatricnursing-210721051654/85/Theoretical-basis-of-psychiatric-nursing-20-320.jpg)
![AGE STAGE MAJOR
DEVELOPMENTAL
TASK
EXAMPLES OF
UNSUCCESSFUL
TASK
COMPLETION
Late
childhood[
3-6 years]
Initiative.
Vs. Guilt
To develop a sense
of purpose and the
ability to initiate and
direct own activities
Passive
personality and
strong feelings
of guilt
School
age [6-12
years]
Industry
Vs.
Inferiority
To achieve a sense
of self confidence by
learning, competing,
performing
successfully, and
receiving recognition
from significant
others, peers, and
acquaintances
Unmotivated,
feeling of
personal
inadequacy](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chap-4theoreticalbasisofpsychiatricnursing-210721051654/85/Theoretical-basis-of-psychiatric-nursing-21-320.jpg)
![AGE STAGE MAJOR
DEVELOPMENTAL
TASK
EXAMPLES OF
UNSUCCESSFUL
TASK
COMPLETION
Adolescence
[12-20 years]
Identity Vs
Role
confusion
To integrate the
tasks mastered in
the previous stages
into a secure sense
of self.
Doubt, Confusion
about ones role in
life
Young
Adulthood[
20-30 years]
Intimacy Vs.
Isolation
To form an Intense ,
Lasting relationship
or a commitment to
another person,
cause, institution,
or creative effort
Emotional
immaturity, may
deny need for
personal
relationships](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chap-4theoreticalbasisofpsychiatricnursing-210721051654/85/Theoretical-basis-of-psychiatric-nursing-22-320.jpg)
![AGE STAGE MAJOR
DEVELOPMENTAL
TASK
EXAMPLES OF
UNSUCCESSFUL
TASK
COMPLETION
Adulthood
[30-65
years]
Generativity
Vs.
Stagnation
To achieve the
life goals
established for
oneself, while
also considering
the welfare of
future
generations
Inability to show
concern for
anyone but self
Old age
[65 years
to death]
Ego
integrity Vs.
Despair
To review one’s
life and derive
meaning from
both positive and
negative events,
while achieving
sense of self
worth.
Has difficulty
dealing with
issues of aging
and death](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chap-4theoreticalbasisofpsychiatricnursing-210721051654/85/Theoretical-basis-of-psychiatric-nursing-23-320.jpg)
![COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY-
PIAGET[1969]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chap-4theoreticalbasisofpsychiatricnursing-210721051654/85/Theoretical-basis-of-psychiatric-nursing-25-320.jpg)
![1. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory[1961]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chap-4theoreticalbasisofpsychiatricnursing-210721051654/75/Theoretical-basis-of-psychiatric-nursing-4-2048.jpg)
![AGE STAGE MAJOR
DEVELOPMENTAL
TASK
EXAMPLES OF
UNSUCCESSFUL
TASK COMPLETION
Infancy[birth-
18 months]
Trust vs.
mistrust
To develop a
basic trust in the
mothering figure
and learn to
generalize it to
others
Suspiciousness,
trouble with
interpersonal
relationships
Early
childhood [18
months -3
years]
Autonomy
vs. shame
and doubt
To gain some self
control and
independence
within the
environment
Lack of self
confidence, Low
self esteem](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chap-4theoreticalbasisofpsychiatricnursing-210721051654/75/Theoretical-basis-of-psychiatric-nursing-20-2048.jpg)
![AGE STAGE MAJOR
DEVELOPMENTAL
TASK
EXAMPLES OF
UNSUCCESSFUL
TASK
COMPLETION
Late
childhood[
3-6 years]
Initiative.
Vs. Guilt
To develop a sense
of purpose and the
ability to initiate and
direct own activities
Passive
personality and
strong feelings
of guilt
School
age [6-12
years]
Industry
Vs.
Inferiority
To achieve a sense
of self confidence by
learning, competing,
performing
successfully, and
receiving recognition
from significant
others, peers, and
acquaintances
Unmotivated,
feeling of
personal
inadequacy](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chap-4theoreticalbasisofpsychiatricnursing-210721051654/75/Theoretical-basis-of-psychiatric-nursing-21-2048.jpg)
![AGE STAGE MAJOR
DEVELOPMENTAL
TASK
EXAMPLES OF
UNSUCCESSFUL
TASK
COMPLETION
Adolescence
[12-20 years]
Identity Vs
Role
confusion
To integrate the
tasks mastered in
the previous stages
into a secure sense
of self.
Doubt, Confusion
about ones role in
life
Young
Adulthood[
20-30 years]
Intimacy Vs.
Isolation
To form an Intense ,
Lasting relationship
or a commitment to
another person,
cause, institution,
or creative effort
Emotional
immaturity, may
deny need for
personal
relationships](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chap-4theoreticalbasisofpsychiatricnursing-210721051654/75/Theoretical-basis-of-psychiatric-nursing-22-2048.jpg)
![AGE STAGE MAJOR
DEVELOPMENTAL
TASK
EXAMPLES OF
UNSUCCESSFUL
TASK
COMPLETION
Adulthood
[30-65
years]
Generativity
Vs.
Stagnation
To achieve the
life goals
established for
oneself, while
also considering
the welfare of
future
generations
Inability to show
concern for
anyone but self
Old age
[65 years
to death]
Ego
integrity Vs.
Despair
To review one’s
life and derive
meaning from
both positive and
negative events,
while achieving
sense of self
worth.
Has difficulty
dealing with
issues of aging
and death](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chap-4theoreticalbasisofpsychiatricnursing-210721051654/75/Theoretical-basis-of-psychiatric-nursing-23-2048.jpg)
![COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY-
PIAGET[1969]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chap-4theoreticalbasisofpsychiatricnursing-210721051654/75/Theoretical-basis-of-psychiatric-nursing-25-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byDr.Senthilnayaki Ramasubbu
Theoretical basis of psychiatric nursing
This document summarizes five theories of human development: 1. Freud's psychoanalytic theory focuses on psychosexual stages from birth to adulthood. 2. Sullivan's interpersonal theory emphasizes how relationships shape personality development through stages of infancy to late adolescence. 3. Erikson's psychosocial theory describes eight stages from infancy to late adulthood defined by resolving psychosocial crises through developing relationships and skills. 4. Piaget's cognitive development theory outlines stages from infancy through formal operations centered around developing logical and abstract thinking abilities. 5. Peplau's interpersonal relations theory applies relationships to nursing by outlining nurse-client processes and roles through developmental stages from infancy to late
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Theoretical basis of psychiatric nursing
- 3. 1. Freud’s psychoanalytictheory 2. Sullivan’s Interpersonal Theory 3. Erikson‘s Psychosocial Development Theory 4. Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory 5. Hildegard .E.Peplau’s Interpersonal Theory
- 4. 1. Freud’s psychoanalytictheory[1961]
- 8. Dynamics of thepersonality
- 9. Age Stage Majordevelopmental task Examples of unsuccessful task completion Birth – 18 months Oral Relief from anxiety through oral gratification of needs Smoking, Alcoholism, Drug Addiction, Nail Biting 18 months – 3 years Anal Learning independence and control, with focus on the excretory function Constipation 3- 6 years Phallic Identification with parent of same sex ; development of sexual identity; focus on genital organs Homosexuality, sexual identity problems
- 10. Age Stage Majordevelopmental task Examples of unsuccessful task completion 6-12 years Latency Sexually repressed; focus on relationships with same-sex peers Lack of motivation in school or job 13-20 years Genital Libido reawakened as genital organs matures ; focus on relationships with members of the opposite sex Unsatisfactory relationships
- 12.
- 13. SULLIVAN’S INTERPERSONAL THEORY(1953) Sullivanbelieved that individual behavior and personality development are the direct result of interpersonal relationship. Major concepts include the following anxiety satisfaction of needs interpersonal security self system
- 14. Major concepts anxietyis a feeling of emotional discomfort. satisfaction of needs is the fulfillment of all requirements- interpersonal security is the feeling associated with relief from anxiety self system is the security measures adopted by the individual to protect against anxiety
- 15. Sullivan’s stages ofpersonality development Age Stage Major Developmental Task Birth-18 months infancy Relief from anxiety through oral gratification of needs 18 months-6 years Childhood Learning to experience a delay in personal gratification without undue anxiety 6-9 years Juvenile Learning to form satisfactory peer relationships
- 16. Sullivan’s stages ofpersonality development Age Stage Major Developmental Task 9-12 years preadolescence Learning to form satisfactory relationships with persons of same sex; initiating feelings of affection for another person 12-14 years Early adolescence Learning to form satisfactory relationships with persons of the opposite sex; developing a sense of identity 14-21 years Late adolescence Establishing self identity; experiencing satisfying relationships ; working to develop a lasting, intimate opposite-sex relationship
- 17. - IMPORTANCE OF INTERPERSONALTHEORY TO NURSING PRACTICE Relationship development , which is a major concept of this theory, is a major psychiatric nursing intervention. Nurses develop therapeutic relationships with clients in an effort to help them generalize this ability to interact successfully with others
- 19. Erickson studied theinfluence of social processes on the development of the personality. Psychosocial growth occurs in sequential phases, and each stage is dependent on completion of previous stage and life task
- 20. AGE STAGE MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL TASK EXAMPLESOF UNSUCCESSFUL TASK COMPLETION Infancy[birth- 18 months] Trust vs. mistrust To develop a basic trust in the mothering figure and learn to generalize it to others Suspiciousness, trouble with interpersonal relationships Early childhood [18 months -3 years] Autonomy vs. shame and doubt To gain some self control and independence within the environment Lack of self confidence, Low self esteem
- 21. AGE STAGE MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL TASK EXAMPLESOF UNSUCCESSFUL TASK COMPLETION Late childhood[ 3-6 years] Initiative. Vs. Guilt To develop a sense of purpose and the ability to initiate and direct own activities Passive personality and strong feelings of guilt School age [6-12 years] Industry Vs. Inferiority To achieve a sense of self confidence by learning, competing, performing successfully, and receiving recognition from significant others, peers, and acquaintances Unmotivated, feeling of personal inadequacy
- 22. AGE STAGE MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL TASK EXAMPLESOF UNSUCCESSFUL TASK COMPLETION Adolescence [12-20 years] Identity Vs Role confusion To integrate the tasks mastered in the previous stages into a secure sense of self. Doubt, Confusion about ones role in life Young Adulthood[ 20-30 years] Intimacy Vs. Isolation To form an Intense , Lasting relationship or a commitment to another person, cause, institution, or creative effort Emotional immaturity, may deny need for personal relationships
- 23. AGE STAGE MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL TASK EXAMPLESOF UNSUCCESSFUL TASK COMPLETION Adulthood [30-65 years] Generativity Vs. Stagnation To achieve the life goals established for oneself, while also considering the welfare of future generations Inability to show concern for anyone but self Old age [65 years to death] Ego integrity Vs. Despair To review one’s life and derive meaning from both positive and negative events, while achieving sense of self worth. Has difficulty dealing with issues of aging and death
- 24. Many individualswith mental health problems are still struggling to achieve tasks from a number of developmental stages. Nurses can plan care to assist these individuals to fulfill these tasks and move on to a higher developmental level Interpersonal growth involves resolution of critical tasks throughout eight stages of the life cycle.
- 25.
- 26. JEAN PIAGET exploredhow intelligence and cognitive functioning develop in children. It is based on the premise that human intelligence is an extension of biological adaptation or one’s ability to adapt psychologically to the environment.
- 27. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENTTHEORY AGE STAGE DEVELOPMENTAL TASK Birth-2 years Sensorimotor • Development of a sense of self. • Object permanence is developed, child comes to recognize that an object will continue to exist when it is no longer visible. 2-6 years Pre-operational • Learning to express self with language, development of understanding of symbolic gestures • Egocentrism occurs during the stage. Personal experiences are thought to be universal , and the child is unable to accept the differing viewpoints of others.
- 28. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENTTHEORY AGE STAGE DEVELOPMENTAL TASK 6-12 years Concrete operations • Learn apply logic to thinking, learn to differentiate and classify, increased socialization and application of rules • Understanding of reversibility and spatiality. With this ability the child recognizes that changes in the shape of objects do not necessarily change the amount , weight, volume or ability of the objects to return to its original form. 12 -15+years Formal operations • Learn to think and reason in abstract terms, capability of logical thinking and reasoning, cognitive maturity achieved.
- 30. IMPORTANCE OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTTHEORY This theory assumes that individuals have the potential for rational and irrational thinking, which alters behaviors.
- 31. Theory of interpersonalrelations Hildegard .E. Peplau 1991
- 32. Theory of interpersonalrelations Peplau applied interpersonal theory to nursing practice and most specifically to nurse-patient relationship development. Peplau’s theory focuses on the interpersonal processes and therapeutic relationship that develops between the nurse and client.
- 33. Theory of interpersonalrelations Interpersonal processes include the nurse- client relationship, communication, pattern integration and the roles of the nurse. This theory stressed the importance of nurses’ ability to understand own behavior to help others identify perceived difficulties. CONCEPTS # Person # Environment # Health # Nursing
- 34. Stages of developmentin interpersonal theory age Stage Major developmental task infancy Learning to count on others Learning to communicate in various ways with the primary caregiver in order to have comfort needs fulfilled Toddlerhood Learning to delay satisfaction learning the satisfaction of pleasing others by delaying self gratification in small ways Early childhood Identifying oneself Learning appropriate roles and behaviors by acquiring the ability to perceive the expectation of others Late childhood Developing skills in participation Learning the skills of compromise, competition, and cooperation with others; establishment of more realistic view of the world and a feeling of one’s place in it
- 35. Phases of nurseclient relationship 1. Orientation :-is the phase during which the client , nurse, and family work together to recognize, clarify, and define the existing problem. 2. Identification:- is the phase after which the client’s initial impression has been clarified and when she/he begins to respond selectively to those who seem to offer the help that is needed.
- 36. 3. Exploitation:- Isthe phase during which the client proceeds to take full advantage of the services offered to him/ her. 4. Resolution:- The patient gradually puts aside old goals and adopts new goals. This is a process in which the patient frees himself from identification with the nurse.
- 37. Roles of nurse Teacher:who imparts knowledge in reference to a need or interest Resource Person : one who provides a specific needed information that aids in the understanding of a problem or new situation Counselors : helps to understand and integrate the meaning of current life circumstances ,provides guidance and encouragement to make changes
- 38. Surrogate: helps toclarify domains of dependence interdependence and independence and acts on clients behalf as an advocate. Leader : helps client assume maximum responsibility for meeting treatment goals in a mutually satisfying way Technical expert: understand various professional devices and possess the clinical skill necessary to perform interventions.
- 39. IMPORTANCE OF PEPLAU’SINTERPERSONAL THEORY IN NURSING Peplau’s model provides nurses with a framework to interact with clients. This theory promotes the nurse- client relationship by applying interpersonal theory to nursing practice.
- 40.