Thermal Energy PPT

Thermal Energy
A. Temperature & Heat
1. Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the
particles in a substance.

2. SI unit for temp. is the Kelvin
a. K = C + 273 (10C = 283K)
b. C = K – 273 (10K = -263C)
3. Thermal Energy is the total of all
the kinetic and potential energy of all
the particles in a substance.

 Thermal energyrelationships
a. As temperature increases, so does thermal energy (because
the kinetic energy of the particles increased).
b. Even if the temperature doesn’t change, the thermal energy in
a more massive substance is higher (because it is a total
measure of energy).

Thermal energy is the portion of the thermodynamic or internal
energy of a system that is responsible for the temperature of the
system. The thermal energy of a system scales with its size and is
therefore an extensive property. It is not a state function of the
system unless the system has been constructed so that all changes
in internal energy are due to changes in thermal energy, as a result
of heat transfer (not work). Otherwise thermal energy is dependent
on the way or method by which the system attained its
temperature.

From a macroscopic thermodynamic description, the thermal energy
of a system is given by its constant volume specific heat capacity C(T) , a
temperature coefficient also called thermal capacity, at any
given absolutE temperature (T):
The heat capacity is a function of temperature itself, and is typically
measured and specified for certain standard conditions and a
specific amount of substance (molar heat capacity) or mass units
(specific heat capacity).

For the Heat engine, Change in energy = heat added minus work
done
ΔU = Q – W
For the Colder region, Entropy = heat added divided by the
temperature ΔS = Q/T

Photoofthermal powerplantin
Dahanu,Maharashtra.
RELIANCE THERMAL STATION

• Ramagundam Thermal Plant inAndhra Pradesh, Raichur
ThermalPlant in Karnataka, KorbaThermal Plant in
MadhyaPradesh , Farraka Thermal Plant in West Bengal
are a few of the thermal power plants located inIndia.

• THERMAL POWER PLANTS ARE FOUND
MOSTLY IN ALL THE STATES

2.The transmission ofelectricity is more efficient than
transporting coal orpetroleum over the samedistance.
Therefore , manythermal power plants are setup near
coal or oil fields. Ina thermal power plant , heat
energy is converted intoelectrical energy.

3. The energy efficiency of a conventional
thermal power station, considered salable
energy produced as a percent of the heating
value of the fuel consumed, is typically 33%
to 48%. As with all heat engines, their
efficiency is limited, and governed by the
laws of thermodynamics. By comparison,
most hydropower stations in the United
States are about 90 percent efficient in
converting the energy of falling water into
electricity

Advantages of coal based
thermal Power Plant

• They can respond to rapidly changingloads without difficulty.
• A portion of the steam generated canbe used as a process steam In
differentindustries.
• Steam engines and turbines can workunder 25% of overload
continuously
• Fuel used is cheaper.
• Cheaper in production cost incomparison with that of diesel power
stations.

THE UPCOMING MAP SHOWS
LOCATIONS OF THERMAL POWER
PLANTS IN INDIA AND THE
STATES/AREAS BENEFITED NEAR
THEM.

there ARE FOUR MAIN CIRCUITS
1. Coal & Ash Circuit – This circuit deals mainly with feeding the
boiler with coal for combustion purposes and taking care of
the ash that is generated during the combustion process. It
includes equipment and paraphernalia that is used to handle
the transfer and storage of coal and ash.

1. Cooling tower 10. Steam Control valve 19. Superheater
2. Cooling water pump 11. High pressure steam turbine 20. Forced draught (draft) fan
3. transmission line (3-phase) 12. Deaerator 21. Reheater
4. Step-up transformer (3-phase) 13. Feedwater heater 22. Combustion air intake
5. Electrical generator (3-phase) 14. Coal conveyor 23. Economiser
6. Low pressure steam turbine 15. Coal hopper 24. Air preheater
7. Condensate pump 16. Coal pulverizer 25. Precipitator
8. Surface condenser 17. Boiler steam drum 26. Induced draught (draft) fan
9. Intermediate pressure steam turbine 18. Bottom ash hopper 27. Flue gas stack

• HEIGHTANDSTRUCTURE
• OF
• THERMAL POWER PLANT

• Volume of concrete for shaft of boiler tower 1,200m3; Surface of cofferingfor shaft of
boiler tower 8,300m2; Volume of concretefor towerbelt 760m3; Surface of coffering
for tower belt 950m3; Volumeof reinforcedconcretefor chimneyshaft 1,040m3;
Surface of coffering of chimneyshaft 8,300m2; Volume of concretefor foundations
660m3. The figures providedhere would—in case of construction accordingto the
invention—lead to a reduction in the cost of these comparative elementsby 60%,
comparedto the cost of the conventional solution; this would holdtrue withinthe
framework of the constructionof a single boiler unit.

 Thermal energy is essential in producing electricity, in
industrial processes like oil refining, andin home heating, to
think of just three applications. Disadvantages include
producing greenhouse gases (except in nuclear heating).
It pollutes the atmosphere due to production of large amount
of smoke andfumes.

1.It usesnon-renewablesourcesof energysuchas
coal.
2.Itrequiresa largeamount of water.
3.Handlingof coalanddisposal of ashis quite
difficult.

It would reduce thermal pollution if those using cooling water were to
empty the heated water into shallow ponds or canals, wait for it to cool and
then reuse the water; land availability is a hindrance to this method, but this is
the idea behind using cooling towers. A cooling tower is an efficient way to
reduce thermal pollution because it transfers the heat from the water into the
atmosphere. Cooling towers are wet or dry. The rejection of heat into a dry
tower is evaporative and raises the relative humidity. According to the Cooling
Technology Institute, the cooling potential of a wet surface is much better
because there is less evaporative heat transferred into the atmosphere.

Generation of electric power uses the largest percentage of cooling water,
thus reducing the amount of electricity that is used will reduce thermal
pollution. Although there is an increasing number of a power-generating
plant, the amount of thermal pollution has not increased at the same
rate because of improved efficiency of power plants and the increased use
of hydropower. An increase in the use of nuclear power won't reduce the
need for cooling waters since they also use cooling water.

 Heated water can be cooled before releasing it, and less can be released
to cause less damage. Unfortunately, the cheapest and easiest way to
get cooling water is to withdraw it from a nearby body of water and
then release it back into the body of water heated. The warmer
temperature water lowers the oxygen content of the water, which
increases the respiratory rates of aquatic organisms and weakens them
so that they are more vulnerable to disease and death. Releasing the
heated water near the shoreline doesn't lessen the problem since this
may disrupt spawning and kill fish.

TOIMPROVETHEEFFICIENCYOF THERMAL
POWERPLANT
• Using the heat of flew gases
(Economiser & Air preheated)
• Increasing efficiency of Generator.
• Using the dry coal .
• convert some of the condenser wasted energy to electricity
using thermoelectric material.

Thermal Energy PPT

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