TICK BORNE ENCEPHALITIS

TICK BORNE ENCEPHALITIS

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  HUMAN ECOLOGY NAME – LANDAGEMANISH LD 112/3
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  Encephalitis from ticks
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  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) ●AKA TICK BORNE MENINGO ENCEPHALITIES ● Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an illness caused by a virus spread through tick bites. You can also get TBE by eating or drinking unpasteurized dairy products (such as milk and cheese) from infected goats, sheep, or cows.
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  INFECTIOUS AGENT ● Tick-borne encephalitis, or TBE, is a human viral infections disease involving the central nervous system(CNS). ● TBE is caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), a member of the family Flaviviridae(single-stranded RNA virus), and was initially isolated in 1937.
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  EPIDEMIOLOGY ● TBE isendemic in FOCAL areas of Europe and Asia (from eastern France to northern Japan and from northern Russia to Albania). ● From 1990 through 2009, an average of 8,500 cases per year were reported from 19 European countries. ● RUSSIA has the largest number of reported TBE cases, and western Siberia has the highest incidence of TBE in the world.
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  Transmission ● Ticks, specificallyhard ticks of the family Ixodidae, act as both the vector and reservoir for TBEV. ● The main hosts are small rodents, with humans being accidental hosts. ● Large animals serve as feeding hosts for the ticks, but do not play a role in maintaince of the virus. ● The virus can chronically infect ticks and is transmitted both transtadially and transovarially.
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  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ●The incubation period of TBE is usually between 7 and 14 days and 2/3rd is asymptomatic. ● Shorter incubation times have been reported after milk-borne exposure. ● First phase : Nonspecific febrile illness with headache, myalgia and fatigue. ● Second phase: Central nervous system involvement resulting in aseptic meningtis, encephalitis, or myelitis. Finding include meningeal signs, altered mental status,cognitive dysfunction, ataxia, tremord, cranial nerve palsies, and limb paresis.
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  DIAGNOSIS ● FIRST PHASE-Low white blood cell count (leukopenia), low platelet count(thrombocytopenia). Liver enzymes in the serum may also be mildly elevated. ● SECOND PHASE- onset of neurologic disease increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). ● Virus isolation from the blood during the first phase of the disease and CSF from second phase. ● Moderate pleocytosis and increased cerebrospinal fluid albumin. ● LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS- ● Serology is typically used for laboratory diagnosis. IgM- capture ELISA performed on serum or cerebrospinal fluid. ● Virus isolation or RT-PCR. ● MRI images reveal abnormalities in 15-20% of patients. ● EEG will be abnormal in 75% of all patients.
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  TREATMENT ● There isno specific antiviral treatment for TBE. ● Therapy consists of supportive care and management of complications. ● Intubation and corticosteroids are generally used. ● CNS depressants, analgesics.
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  PREVENTION ● Travelers shouldavoid consuming unpasteurized dairy products. ● Using insect repellants and protective clothing to prevent tick bites. ● The chemical DEET(diethyltoluamide) is often used in insects repellents. ● Wear light-coloured clothes so ticks are easier to spot and brush off. ● Clothing and camping gear can be inpregnated with compounds containing permethrin,which have an acaricidal and repellent effect.
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  PREVENTION CONTINUED.... ● Findand remove ticks from your body: ● Bathe or shower as soon as possible after coming indoors. ● Check your entire body (under your arms, in and around your ears, in your belly button, behind your knees, between your legs, around your waist, and especially in your hair). Use a hand-held or full-length mirror to view all parts of your body. ● Be sure to remove ticks properly. ● Parents should check their children for ticks. ● Check your pets and belongings. Ticks can be on outdoor equipment and clothes.
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  VACCINE ● No TBEvaccines are licensed or available in the United States. ● Two inactivated cell culture- derived TBE vaccines are available in EUROPE, in adult and pediatric formulation. ● Two other inactivated TBE vaccines are available in Russia.
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  THANK YOU.