Tissue Engineering Report

Tissue Engineering Report

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  Report Writing Uses ofMicroorganisms in Biotechnology: Tissue Engineering Eiman Rana MYP-V(Armstrong)
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  Report Writing TissueEngineering 1 | P a g e Table of Contents Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................2 Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................3 What is Tissue Engineering?....................................................................................................................................4 Purpose of Tissue Engineering...............................................................................................................................4 The Process to carry out Tissue Engineering.................................................................................................5 Daily Life Applications of Tissue Engineering...............................................................................................7 Pros and Cons of Tissue Engineering..................................................................................................................8 Issues and their solutions ..........................................................................................................................................8 Research................................................................................................................................................................................9 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................................................10 Bibliography....................................................................................................................................................................11
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  Report Writing TissueEngineering 2 | P a g e Abstract: This report portrays ‘Tissue Engineering’ that is one of the applications of biotechnology. Tissue engineering is basically the use of cells in order to form new tissues or organs that replace the older ones. Hence, they are used to repair or replace the damaged or diseased tissues or organs. It is a field in its own as there have been more growth and development in this particular field. Firstly, it reflects upon the purpose behind tissue engineering. Hence, it gives an easy way to cure certain diseases and this is why there has been a lot growth in this particular field. Secondly, it speaks about the process, i.e. the key engineered materials used for the creation of a new tissue or organ. Thirdly, it briefly explains the application, the issues and the solution to address them. Lastly, the factors, facts and scientific research are too under the discussion.
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  Report Writing TissueEngineering 3 | P a g e Introduction Microorganisms are the minute living organisms that are found everywhere. These organisms cannot be seen with the naked eye. They are basically classified as: virus, bacteria and fungi. These microorganisms are used in a variety of processes in our daily life. Tissue engineering is one of the applications of biotechnology. In the late 1980s, the term tissue engineering was introduced whilst in 1990s this concept was applied in order to repair biological tissues. This technique is now commonly used as a clinical method in order to treat such diseases in an effective way. For instance, the transplant of some organs like the lungs or heart and the artificial tooth used instead of the real ones in order to related prevent dental diseases. Therefore, it helps in eliminating the risk of the rejections of the organs because the new organ is made using our own tissues. This is the reason that why tissue engineering is beneficial in curing diseases. It is considered as an ultimate ideal medical treatment.
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  Report Writing TissueEngineering 4 | P a g e What is Tissue Engineering? Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of similar cells, methods and materials of engineering and appropriate biochemical and physiochemical factors is used to improve or replace biological tissues. In simple words, it is the using of a human’s personal cells in order to erect a new artificial fully alive tissue or organ that can be replaced by the old one such as skin, pancreas, eye, liver, muscle, bone etc. Tissue engineering is a field in its own, but before having a huge growth in scope and its importance; it was listed in the subfields of bio materials. It is basically used in the repairing and replacing of damaged or diseased tissues. Therefore, it is also used for the creation of artificial organs, such as: artificial ear, nose, heart, kidneys, lungs, etc. Regenerative medicine is used as the synonym used for tissue engineering, but they are a little different. Hence, tissue engineering is about the rebuilding of tissues whilst, the regenerative medicine relates to the regeneration of tissues. Secondly, tissue engineering requires the scaffold, cells and growth factors for proper functioning. On the other hand, triad, along with the cell behavior, matrix signaling and gene transferring are used in regenerative medicine. Purpose of Tissue Engineering The purpose of tissue engineering is to create a new clinical method that makes it easier to cure certain diseases that are unable to treat with the existing methods. For instance, heart; if a single valve of the heart is not functioning, then an artificial valve made from tissue engineering can be utilized in order to have the proper functioning of the specific organ. In addition to this, the skin substitutes have been used and they had played a vital role in the improvement of skin graft surgeries. Similarly, there is an array of example. It gives an easy way to cure certain diseases and this is why there has been a lot growth in this particular field. Hence, it is used to maintain or improve damaged tissues or whole organs.
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  Report Writing TissueEngineering 5 | P a g e The Process to carry out Tissue Engineering There are just three key materials that are used in tissue engineering, namely, the cell, a scaffold and the growth factors. The cells are the building blocks as well as the basic units of life. First of all, tissue engineering requires the cells as an engineering material such as living fibroblasts are used in skin replacement and repair. Extraction of cells from fluid tissues like blood is easier than the solid tissues. The harvested cells from the target organ are minced first and then digested by the enzymes, trypsin in order to remove the extracellular matrix that holds the cell.1 Then the cells keep floating and centrifugation is used for its extraction. Maintenance of pH, oxygen, humidity, nutrients, temperature and osmotic pressure is the basic requirement of the cells. Next, a scaffold is required. The scaffold is basically a structure provided to the cells. It is often available in different sizes. They may make of collagens (biodegradable polymer). The medium in which scaffolds are bred, contains the growth factors that provoke the cells to divide and grow. Therefore, it imitates the extracellular matrix of a native tissue. This allows the cells to influence their own micro environment.2 A scaffold allows the cells to attach and migrate, to deliver and retain biochemical factors. Moreover, it also enables the diffusion of the essential cell nutrients. In order to, modify the behavior of the cell phase biological and mechanical influences are exerted. To be successful in it, it is required that the scaffolds meet the specific requirements. Putting the cells in the right environment is crucial for its proper nourishment and growth. After that, the cells spread across the scaffold and a tissue is formed that is known as a substitute tissue. Then it is implanted in the human body along with the scaffold that is absorbed. 1 Wikipedia.“TissueEngineering.” Cells as buildingblocks 15 October 2016. 2 —. “Tissue Engineering.” Scaffolds 15 October 2016.
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  Report Writing TissueEngineering 6 | P a g e Lastly, the proteins are called the growth factors. They play a pivotal role in differentiation and proliferation. Therefore, these proteins are secreted in the body by the cells. Its benefit is that the engineered tissue is able to provide the growth factor to the wounds. The growth factors that have frequently been applied to tissue engineering include bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2), vascular epithelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β).3 Its purpose is to promote the regeneration of the tissue. 3 J R Soc Interface. “Growth factors.” Challenges in tissueengineering (2006).
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  Report Writing TissueEngineering 7 | P a g e Daily Life Applications of Tissue Engineering There are many organs or tissues that are used in their artificial condition. These artificial organs help in improving the condition of the patient and have the ability to interact socially. Secondly, it provides the life support and prevent from deaths. Instead of waiting for the transplant of such organs like, heart an artificial heart can be used. Similarly, if a person is deaf cochlear implant is implanted. Therefore, the bypass of the peripheral auditory system provides a sense of sound through microphone. The replacing of artificial eye has been proved the successful one. Hence, an external miniature digital camera along with the remote is implanted on the retina, optic nerve, or some other locations in the brain that connects to the eye. Moreover, artificial lungs and the bioartificial liver device; are intended for the treatment of the failure the liver. Therefore, this can be treated using stem cells. Most importantly, the artificial trachea was first used in Sweden in order to treat a cancer patient. The relevant stem cells were taken from the patient’s hip and this was treated with the growth factors. Fortunately, this was a successful treatment. Scientists are still working for the proper functioning of the lungs. The proper technology is not available yet but, it will come soon. Furthermore, there are some ethical issues and the researchers are facing difficulty in creating complex organs. However, it is not simple to create every organ. Lastly, a cultured meat was grown using the cell culture instead of using animals. It was produced using the techniques of tissue engineering and regenerative medicines. It is
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  Report Writing TissueEngineering 8 | P a g e introduced in the commercial sector, yet due to some technical challenges. Doctor Mark Post was the first person who first cultured beef burger patty. Thus, it was demonstrated in London and was even eaten during the press. Pros and Cons of Tissue Engineering The pros of tissue engineering are; as this engineering requires the cells of a human itself in order to make an organ or a tissue, so there is no chance of having a side effect and a person has completely cured. Instead of transplanting or donating organs, tissue engineering is the best remedy. It is able to prolong a life of a human as well as the quality of the leaves become well. It is proved to be fruitful for the burnt victims as it is able to regenerate burnt skin. It is a permanent solution and there are no chances of rejection. Hence, it helps a person to completely conquer the disease. On the contrary, as we all know that latent diseases are troublesome; thus, there can be a chance of hidden illness in the tissue. The technology we have right now is not enough to detect latent diseases. Therefore, scientists are still working on it. Moreover, it is a lot difficult to construct the suitable scaffolds. Medicine researchers are facing this problem currently. There are some ethical issues. Lastly, longer working of the cells is most important. Hence, for complex organs, researchers are facing difficulties. Issues and their solutions There are few problems addressed in tissue engineering. It seems to be simple, but it is the most difficult, but the most effective cure of diseases. The issues that face while tissue engineering are: There are no clinically effective treatment strategies for heart disease. Hence, replacing a valve is just a solution to this issue. But the scientists are working for developing the strategies in the fabrication of the valves. Therefore, molded scaffolds, synthetic polymers, electro spinning, decellularization, hybrid techniques as well as 3D bio printing include in the strategies for the better treatment of the heart. Secondly, the shortage of donated organs and immune rejection is an issue in organ transplantation.
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  Report Writing TissueEngineering 9 | P a g e Thirdly, it is easy and possible to produce an artificial eye, but the creation of an electronic eye with the proper functions is way complex. Advances towards tackling the complexity of the artificial connection to the retina, optic nerve, or related brain areas, combined with ongoing advances in computer science, are expected to dramatically improve the performance of this technology.4 Moreover, providing a perfect scaffold is also a problem. The scaffold is critically important. Therefore, it contains a pore structure. Core degradation is the issue observed in the scaffolds. Hence, this issue arises from the waste removal and deficiency of the vascularization. This is identified as the major concern in the field of tissue engineering. The scientists are working to provide the doctors with better solutions. Research According to the advanced research, it is said that in the future, the smart organs and tissues may be possible. We can have the sensors that can tell the whole situation. For example, nanowires can be put into the hearts which will be able to sense the oxygen level. Additionally, it can even send the signals to the computers and that will be crucial enough that we won’t have to wait for the disease to occur in our body. Thus, we won’t have to wait for the heart strokes. Rather than waiting, the sensors will give the signals and this will alert us in advance that we need to visit the doctor. 4 Wikipedia.“Artificial organ.” Eye 19 October 2016.
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  Report Writing TissueEngineering 10 | P a g e Conclusion Tissue engineering is one of the best remedies for the diseases instead of transplantation or donation of organs. This technique is now commonly used as a clinical method in order to treat diseases in an effective way. It is basically the using of a human’s personal cells in order to erect a new artificial fully alive tissue or organ that can be replaced by the old one, such as skin, pancreas, eye, liver, muscle, bone etc. Although there are cons, but they are a way less than pros. In addition to this, medical researchers are facing an array of issues in this particular field, but scientists are yet working in order to have an effective treatment as tissue engineering is proving to be the best and prolonged treatment. Although it is a common treatment, but in the future, this technique is going to be used widely.
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  Report Writing TissueEngineering 11 | P a g e Bibliography 1. BBC Future. "Tissue engineering: Grow your own smart organs." (2013). 2. Cheung DY, Duan B, Butcher JT. "Abstract." Current progress in tissue engineering of heart valves: multiscale problems, multiscale solutions. (2015). 3. cindyveloso. Tissue Engineering. 07 May 2012. 4. Lashan Clarke, Leigh A. Zaykoski. Pros and Cons of Tissue Engineering. 9 September 2008. 5. O'Brien, Fergal J. "Scaffold architecture." Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering (2011): 88-95. 6. Rogers, Kara. "Tissue engineering." 29 April 2016. 7. Simon, Josh. Regenerative Medicine versus Tissue Engineering. Telford, 24 June 2014. 8. Wikipedia. "Artificial organ." 19 October 2016. 9. —. "Tissue engineering." 15 October 2016. 10. Yoshito Ikada, J R Soc Interface. Challenges in tissue engineering (2006). 11. —. Challenges in tissue engineering (2006).