Toddler Age

Toddler Age

• 1.
  TODDLER AGE (1 – 3 YEARS)
• 2.
  THE TERRIBLE 2’s! Intense exploration of the environment Expression of control of the environment Struggles of toilet-training, limit setting, discipline and sibling rivalry Less dramatic maturation of body systems Mastering a wide variety of activities
• 3.
  BIOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT Weight - 2½ yrs – Birth wt quadrupled - Av wt gain – 2.2 Kg/ Yr (1.8 – 2.7Kg/Yr) Height - Increases by 6.25 – 7.5 cms/ Yr Body proportions - Chest Circ = OFC by 1yr - After 1 yr, Chest Circ > OFC - Transverse chest diameter > AP - Pot bellied - Chubby appearance lost - Infantile curves straightened Dentition - 2 yrs – 16 teeth 2½ yrs – 20 teeth
• 4.
  BIOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT Skull– OFC > by 1 cm/ 6 months ( 1- 3 yrs) Ant Fontanel closure by 18 months CNS – No of brain cells complete by toddler age Brain – 2/3 of adult by 2 yrs, ¾ by 3 yrs Myelination – Improved posture & co-ordination Bowel control by 2-3 yrs Bladder control by 2½ - 3½ yrs Gross motor devt – Walks, runs, climbs. Opens doors Fine motor devt – Builds tower of 9-10 blocks, strings large beads, works simple puzzles, manipulates zippers, opens bathrooms, puts on clothes, washes hands
• 5.
  BIOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT Integumentarysystem- Tougher & more resistant epithelium CVS & Resp System - <HR, <Resp, > BP Hemopoietic system- RBC - < 4.5 million, Hb – 13 gm% Digestive system - >ing stomach capacity Immunologic system- Pronounced lymphatic enlargement. Increased incidence of infections Adenoids – Max growth by 3 yrs. Tonsils - Max growth by 7 yrs Renal - >ed ability to conserve water, ready for toilet training
• 6.
  PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Psycho-social– Autonomy Vs Shame & doubt - Object permanence - Discrimination bet inner & outer worlds - Idea of self as a separate being Behavioural characteristics – Negativism, temper tantrums, ritualistic behaviour, ambivalence, sibling rivalry
• 7.
  PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Psychosexual– anal stage - Gender identity, sexual exploration, body image Cognitive devt – - 0-2 yrs – Sensorimotor 2-7 yrs – Egocentric, object permanence achieved, curiosity, imitation, imagination Short memory & attention span
• 8.
  PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Language – Increasing vocab (50 words), grammar, telegraphic speech, monologue Play – Parallel, destructive, exploratory, distractible, no conscience, quiet, dramatic - Helps develop cognitive abilities (size, shape, color, speed, texture..), concepts (heavy, light ) - Helps ventilate emotions, develop manual dexterity, motor skills Moral devt – Deeds to avoid punishment, please the parents. Spiritual –Intuitive-projective faith
• 9.
  NEEDS & CONCERNS… Love & security – Separation anxiety & regression Discipline leading to self control – constructive discipline, consistency, clarity, firmness, immediacy, encourage independence, punishment Dependence progressing to self care Control of bodily functions Developing self esteem Dental care
• 10.
  …NEEDS & CONCERNSNutrition - 100 Cal/ day, water – 100- 125 ml/Kg/day - 2-3 cups of milk / day - Meal schedule, food preferences, rituals - Prevent obesity ( wt for ht > 95 Percentile) - Pica (danger of Pb poisoning) Health Supervision – Immunization, dental health Preparation for Play School Engage in house work
• 11.
  Thanks from anAngel