Uploaded byMohammed Bahgat Mohammed Sofyan
Total protein , globulin and a g ratio
This document discusses plasma proteins and their measurement. It begins by explaining the main components of blood and plasma. It then discusses the different plasma proteins including albumin, globulins, and coagulation factors. The document explains how to separate serum from blood and measure total proteins, albumin, and globulins. It provides the normal ranges for these values and discusses causes of hypo- and hyperproteinemia. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of plasma proteins and their clinical assessment.
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Total protein , globulin and a g ratio
- 1. BY dr: Mohammed BahgatMohammed Sofyan Assistant lecturer of medical biochemistry, Faculty of medicine, Al-Azhar university (Assiut branch) 1
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- 4. صورة كل علىاضغط عرض وضع في على وادعمنا الشاشة اإلنترن على قنواتنا ت
- 5. على ملفي فيهنا أرفعها التي شرائحي ومذاكرة بالتعلم وأسعد وأرحب أسمح Slide share website وال مانع أيضا من نسخ شريحة او اثنين عند الضرورة ، وال مانع من شرح البورب وينت الخاصة بي للغير بشرط عدم إزالة اسمي من البوربوينت ، فال أسمح أبدا بإزال ة اسمي من على الباوربوينت ووضع اسمك بدال منه لتصبح وكأنك من صممتها فهذه سرقة ال أسمح بها وتضييع لحق من تعب في عملها . وفقكم هللا وإياي للتعلم ونفع اآلخرين I allow, welcome, and be happy to learn and study my slides that I upload here in my profile on Slide share website There is also no objection to copying one or two slides when necessary, and there is no objection to explaining my PowerPoint to others on the condition that my name is not removed from the PowerPoint. I never allow my name to be removed from PowerPoint and to replace it with yours, Make it look like you designed it. This is theft that I do not allow and a waste of the right of those who are tired in this work. May God bless you and me for learning and benefiting others 5
- 6. Blood is aspecialized body fluid. It has two main components: plasma and cells . Cells composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma contains about 90 percent water, with 10 percent being made up of proteins, ions, dissolved gases, nutrient molecules, and wastes. The proteins in plasma ( PLASMA PROTEINS) include albumin, globulin , and coagulation factors.
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- 8. PLASMA PROTEINS Albumin ➡ 60% Globulin➡ 35% Fibrinogen ➡ 4% Other ➡ less than 1% 8
- 9. PLASMA PROTEINS عينة سحبتلو serum ال يبقي Plasma Protein in the serum is made up of albumin and globulin. The globulin in turn is made up of α1, α2, β, and γ globulins. These fractions can be quantitated using protein electrophoresis. راجعه سابق بوست في األلبيومين شرحنا . 9
- 10. PLASMA GLOBULINS Globulins makeup the about 35% of proteins in the blood. Most of proteins are synthesized from liver, The gamma globulins are produced by the liver and some by the immune system (B cell). They help fight infection and transport nutrients. 10
- 11. Serum proteins inelectrophoresis 11
- 13. Measurment of proteins Speciment➡ serum Normal range of total protein ➡ 6_8 gm/dl 13
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- 15. Measurment of proteins 1_ total proteins in serum is measured traditionally by Biruet test, but other chemical methods such as KJeldahl and lowry's method. Principle of biuret test : Alkaline CuSO4 reacts with compounds containing two or more peptide bonds to give a violet colored product, measured at 450 nm. 2_ total proteins in urine and CSF measured by either nephylometric or turbidimetric method or dye binding methods ( pyrogallol methods). 3_ serum individual proteins other than total proteins and albumin are measured by immunoturbidimetry or immunonephylometry. 15
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- 17. Calculation : NB ➡as serum proteins contain albumin and globulin only, globulins are calculated after measuring both total protein and albumin as follow: Globulin = total proteins _ albumin A/G ratio = divide albumin by globulin Calculation of Globulin and A/G ratio 17
- 18. Normal range Normal rangeof serum albumin ➡ 3.5 _ 5.5 gm/dl Normal range of total protein ➡ 6_8 gm/dl Normal range of globulin ➡ 2 _ 3.5 gm/dl Normal range of A/G ratio ➡ 1.5 _ 2 18
- 19. Alpha1 globulin➡ 0.2 to0.4 g/dL Alpha2 globulin ➡ 0.5 to 0.9 g/dL Beta globulin ➡0.6 to 1.1 g/dL Gamma globulin ➡ 0.7 to 1.7 g/dL Globulin 19
- 20. Causes of hypoproteinaemia Causesof hypoproteinaemia : إما سببين لها : A_ Hemodilutions وغيره المحاليل في زي I. V fluid also increase or expand the volume of plasma such as congestive heart disease,steroid,... B_ Hypoalbuminaemia : 20
- 21. CAUSES OF HYPOALBUMINEMIA Impaired synthesis: • 1_acquired ➡ LCF ➡ liver can't synthesise albumin • 2_ genetics as ➡ analbuminaemia ( very rare disease. may reach 0.05 gm /dl.) • NB : Human serum albumin is encoded by the ALB gene. 21
- 22. CAUSES OF HYPOALBUMINEMI A Increased loss: 3 _ in kidney as ➡ RF and nephrotic S ➡ protein loosing in urine Also DM, HT, and another causes of protenuria. 4_in intestine ➡ as protein loosing entropathy. ➡ loose protein in stool. 5_ skin ➡ burn 22
- 23. CAUSES OF HYPOALBUMINE MIA Others : 6_Acute and chronic infections (most common cause) 7_ Malnutrition and malabsorbtion 23
- 24. NB➡ If total proteinis abnormal, your healthcare practitioner may recommend follow-up tests, such as protein electrophoresis, albumin and quantitative immunoglobulins. 24
- 25. Causes of hyperproteinaemia Causes ofhyperproteinaemia : إما سببين لها : A_ haemoconcentration as the result of dehydration اتبخرت العينة ركنة نتيجة ممكن مثل أشياء ممكن Dirutics,severe vomiting, severe diarrhea,... ال نتيجة كله المهم Dehydration B_ hyper gammaglobulinaemia : 25
- 26. B_ hyper gammaglobulinaemia B_ hyper gammaglobulinaemia: الجلوبيولب ارتفاع سببها ودي ن إما : Monoclonal gammopathy or poly clonal gammopathy 26
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- 30. Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia ¨ Chronic liverdisease ¨ Chronic infections ¨ Inflammatory disease of bowel ¨ Autoimmune disorder ¨ Granulomas • ونلخصها بال • Chronic infection and inflammation 30
- 31. Causes of Monoclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia الجلعلي بتعمل دي sharp localized band as : multiple myeloma MGUS waldenstrom macrogloulinaemia Amylodosis B cell malignancy as CLL,lymphoma,... بال ونلخصها B cell cancer 31
- 32. A/G ratio A/G ratio= divide albumin by globulin Normal range of A/G ratio ➡ 1.5 _ 2 Low A/G ratio may be caused by: • Overproduction of globulins, such as seen in multiple myeloma or autoimmune diseases • Underproduction of albumin, such as may occur with cirrhosis or loss of albumin from the circulation, as in nephrotic syndrome. 32
- 33. A/G ratio High A/Gratio may be caused by: Underproduction of immunoglobulins as happens in some genetic deficiencies Leukemias A/G ratio is normal in hemodilution and hemoconcentration 33
- 34. REFERENCES : • _https://labtestsonline.org • _ https://www.medscape.com • _ https://www.wikipedia.org • _ https ps://www.labcorp.com • _ https://www.uptodate.com • _ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Home - PubMed – NCBI • _TIETZ TEXTBOOK OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS, SIXTH EDITION 2018. • _Essential of clinical pathology book; 1st edition; Shirish M Kawthalkar; 2010. • _Essential of biochemistry book ;1st edition; 2012. • _ ABC of clinical hematology ; 4th edition ; Drew Provan; 2018. • _ Harper's illustrated biochemistry 30th edition 2015. • _ Lippincott's illustrated review of biochemistry sixth edition 2014. • _ Lecturea Notes Clinical Biochemistry, 9th Edition Walker, Simon, 2103. • _Some audios and videos from Well-known, trusted professors who study from accredited books. 34
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