Towards an Effective University E Learning

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 4 Issue 5, August 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31798 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 245
Towards an Effective University E-Learning
Dr. Nagi Zomrawi Mohammed
Associate Professor of Surveying and Digital Mapping,
Sudan University of Science and Technology, College of Engineering, Khartoum, Sudan
ALBAHA University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
Due to COVID-19 pandemic, suddenly, most of human activities were
suspended all over the world. Commerce, industry and production,education,
aviation, sports, tourismand entertainments andotheractivitiesstopped.Year
2020 will be a turning point. Future Image blurred. Nothing will go as it is. A
big change will occur.
Education, especially in higher institutions tried to find substitutes to
overcome suspension due to COVID-19 pandemic problem. Although some of
them success to use e-learningand complete academic year,butunfortunately
the majority failed. This is so, because they were not ready for such situation.
The objective of this work is to discuss e-learning as an effective supportive
university learning tool and that it can be successfully used to continue
learning during any un expected reasons that hampers educational process.
Pave a road for smooth turning to e-learning process in university institutes.
The work concluded with that e-learning provides a powerful meanthatitcan
be applied gradually to university education to face challenges now facing
universities. Instructors and learners are ready to deal and cope with e-
learning. Multiplicity of e-learning characteristics make it more convenient,
flexible and satisfies all stake holders. E-learning proved effectiveness in
different fields and successfully supporting student and it had a positive
impact.
KEYWORDS: Active learning, Asynchronous learning, Blended e-learning,Digital
student, E-learning, E-teacher, Full e-learning, Learning management system,
Supportive e-learning and Synchronous learning
How to cite this paper:Dr. Nagi Zomrawi
Mohammed "Towards an Effective
University E-Learning" Published in
International Journal
of Trend in Scientific
Research and
Development(ijtsrd),
ISSN: 2456-6470,
Volume-4 | Issue-5,
August 2020, pp.245-
251, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31798.pdf
Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and
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/4.0)
I. INTRODUCTION
Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding,
knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and
preferences [8]. Learning is not something done to students,
but rather something students themselves do. It is the direct
result of how students interpret and respond to their
experiences.
Regardless of the field of study, students need to have
significant opportunitiesto developand practice intellectual
skills/thinking processes, motor skills and attitudes/values
that are important to their fields of study. In addition,
students need opportunities to develop interpersonal and
social skills that are important for professional and personal
success suchas teamwork, effectivecommunication, conflict
resolution and creative thinking [15].
On the other hand, creating excitementin theclassroom that
active learning is known as Active learning. When using
active learning students are engaged in more activities than
just listening. Theyareinvolvedin dialog, debate,writing,and
problem solving, as well as higher-order thinking.
Active learning proved number of benefits such as address
different learning needs, reinforces important skills, such as
critical thinking and decision making, boosts learner
motivation and performance, creates a strong sense of
community through peer-to-peer interaction.
In learning process, it is necessary to declare the learning
objectives that describe what students should know at the
end of the course that they couldn't do before. Learning
objectives should be brief, clear, specific statements of what
learners will be able to do at the end of a lesson as a result of
the activities, teaching and learning that has taken place.
Learning outcomes are statements that describe the
knowledge or skills students should acquire by the end of a
particular assignment, class, course, or program, and help
students understandwhythatknowledgeandthoseskillswill
be useful to them [13]. They focus on the context and
potential applications of knowledge andskills, help students
connect learning in various contexts, and help guide
assessment and evaluation.
Good learning outcomes emphasize the application and
integration of knowledge. Instead of focusing on coverage of
material, learning outcomes articulate how students will be
able to employ the material, both in the context of the class
and more broadly.
IJTSRD31798

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
II. E-LEARNING
E-learning is a new method of learning utilizing electronic
technologies toaccesseducationalcurriculum online, via the
internet outside of a traditional classroom. E-learning has
taken the world of learning by storm, flaunting its features
suchasflexibility, cost-effectiveness, accessibility, andmore.
Organization adapting to e-learning is just one step of the
process [2].
E-learning can be Synchronous learning; refers to a learning
event inwhicha groupofstudentsare engaginginlearningat
the same time or, Asynchronouslearning; inwhichastudent-
centered teachingmethodthat uses onlinelearningresources
to facilitate information sharing outside the constraints of
time and place among a network of people.
On the other hand, e-learning levels are classified according
to students’attendancetoclassroomto;Supportive,Blended
and Full.
Supportive e-learning level uses e-learning at the university
by taking all classes face-to-face in classrooms, and the e-
learning systems, toolsandenvironmentare used tosupport
and facilitate the learning process.
Blended e-learning level uses e-learning in the university by
replacing some face-to face sessions in classrooms by e-
activities on the course site using the e-learning systems,
tools and environment i.e. virtual classes.
On the other bank of e-learning levels stands the Full e-
learning. Full e-learning is the level that replacing all the
face-to-face sessions in classrooms by e-activities on the
course site using the virtual classeswith the exception of the
final exam and the limited face-to-face sessions decided by
the faculty and the teacher [7].
Frominteractivity point ofview, learnerscaninteractwithe-
learning in one of four main levels; Passive, Limited,
Moderate or Full.
In Passive e-learning interactivity level, there is no
interaction or interaction may be very little. The learner is a
receiver of the information and has no control on the
learning. Direct, clear, content-based e-learning condition.
Studentsarefurnishedwith variouscontent-basedassets,for
example, broad research and prevalent web journals. This
level mayincorporateconnects to recordings, podcasts,basic
pictures and illustrations, and furthermore, test questions.
In Limited e-learning interactivity level there will be limited
participation. Learners may have some control over their e-
learning experience, as they are required to make simple
interactions with the e-learning material.
In Moderate e-learning interactivity level there will be
moderate interaction.Learnersgainmorecontrol overthee-
learning experience, whichismorecustomizedandcomplex.
The learner isactively involvedin the learningandpracticing
what is learned complex graphics, animations, illustrations,
audio, videos, branching scenarios, and simulated
environments suitable for courses to aid utilization of
cognitive skills into work or real life situations.
Full e-learning interactivity level stands for e-learning in
which learners have great control over their e- learning
experience, as they are required to fully interact with the e-
learning content and give feedback.
Highest level of interactivity, learning occurs real-time. The
learner is free to learn and practice new skills, and has full
control over the learning. Very complex content, high-end
animations, high impact graphics, digital avatars to teach
complex subjects, customized audio-visuals Ideal for
trainings where learners are expected to deal with real life
situations and apply their knowledge on the job [7].
New terms also appeared with e-learning. For example,
teachers who work in an internet environment in both
regular and virtual classroom situations termed E-teachers.
E-teachers collaborate, build and discover new learning
communities and explore resources as they interact with
information, materials and ideas with their students and
colleagues. Conversely, students deal with digital
environment termed Digital students. Their brains have
become accustomed to digital media. Many of them have
today evolved from sitting in front of screens to using
handheld devices to send e mails, text messages and send
instant messages. In fact, this generation is called the digital
generation [5].
Infact, e-learningprocess providednumberofcharacteristics
[6]. These characteristics can be arranged as follows:
 Necessity to keep abreast of fast changing development
in almost every field.
 Supplement and enhance the teaching learning process
of conventional education.
 Effective methodology to cope with increasing student
strength and limited teaching and infra structure
resources.
 Supplementingthe teachingprocess. Enablestudentsthe
flexible of time, place and to certain extent place of
learning.
 Provides wider opportunities for learning, access to
wider range type of learning material, support different
styles of learning.
 Allow more flexible course management.
 Providesanalmost one-to-onecommunication between
the teacher and the learner.
 Makeavailableteachers from different parts of theglobe
to share their expertise with the learners.
 Achieve better learning outcomes, more effective
assessments, more cost-efficient way of bringing the
learning environments to the learner.
 Support the continuing education process for meeting
the needs of employers and workplace learners.
 Help employeesinorganizations tokeepabreastoflatest
trends.
Similar to conventional learning, e-learning has number of
strategies and approaching that can be used. The following
are some of which.
E-learning can be Collaborative. Collaborative learningisan
e-learning strategy where students are able to socially
interact with other students, as well as instructors. In
essence, learners work together in order to expand their
knowledge of a particular subject or skill. In e-learning
environments, this is typically done through live chats,

message boards, or instant messaging. All students can
interact together, in groups or in pairs.
Micro-learning involves learning in smaller steps, and goes
hand-in-hand with traditional e-learning. Activities that are
micro-learning based usually feature short term lessons,
projects, or coursework that is designed to provide the
student with ‘bits’ of information.
E-learning can also be Rapid. Rapid e-learning can pertainto
a number of things; it is generally used to describe the pace
at which an e-learning course is developed.
Personalized Learning is the tailoring of pedagogy,
curriculum and learning environments to meet the needs
and learning styles of individual learners [6].
Instructor can select a suitable strategy to use according to
the nature of the course or the lesson, student’s
characteristics and course duration.
III. LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Learning Management System (LMS) allow instructor to
manage every aspect of a course, from the registration of
students to the storing of test results, as well as accepting
assignments digitally and keep in touch with students. In
essence, theLMSisthebackbone ofmoste-learningactivities.
There are many LMSs, both commercial and open source.
LMSs dovary inthe features theyoffer, butmostsystemsare
likely to have some or all of the following features:
1. Easy Graphical User Interface (GUI).
2. Customization: Language options, notification settings
and other important features can be changed to suit the
way wanted.
3. Enrollment: The system may allow students to enroll
online and keep track of their details, course progress
and test results.
4. Virtual classroom: Integrate with whiteboard systems
for virtual classroom sessions.
5. Social networking: Able to integrate with social media.
6. Communication: Built in functionality for
communicating with students, such as sending emails.
7. Course tracks: Flexible work flow to set students on
certain learning tracks.
8. Reports: Generating reports and graphical
representation of data.
9. Help with content creation: Being user-friendly and
offering templates for new users.
10. Testing: Tests are an important part of many online
courses. Test results will be stored and available within
the reporting area.
IV. COMPONENTS OF AN ONLINE COURSE
An online course should include a detailed syllabus and
coursecontents. Italsoshouldgive opportunitiesforstudent
to interact and feedback. Tests, and assessments are also
important. Moreover, it shouldbe easyaccessible. Creatinga
consistent structure can improve course navigation, clarity
and consistency for students and will help expedite new
course design and development in the future.
Some MLSs design sample of templates that can assist
instructor to build the e-course. The selection of a suitable
template may depend on the nature of the course, and the
policy of the institute. In general, the following components
often provide a foundation for new online instructors when
first building their online courses and programs.
1. Course announcements should be clear, supportive and
regularly posted.
2. Course information should display fundamental details
about the course, including the syllabus, schedule,
grading policy, or other relevant logistical items that
students access repeatedly.
3. Instructor information should include phone, email,
office location, office hours, online chat hours (if
applicable),and social media suchas Skype, Twitter,etc.
details as appropriate. It may also be useful to also
include communication policy as part of instructor
information in the course.
4. Course modules (individual containers of instructional
content, including readings, activities, directions and
other resources [15]) are the fundamental organizational
vehicles for delivering content within an online course.
A complete module typically contains four basic
elements; introduction, objectives, resources (readings,
video lectures, communication tasks, sample files, etc.)
and a "to-do" list which directs students over a set
amount of time.
5. Discussion or online interaction, especiallysynchronous
and asynchronous discussion, among students and
instructors has been identified as a keystone to online
course effectiveness.
6. Submissions is a general area where students may
submit their assignments or projects for grading.
7. Assessments or assignments isa generalareawhereany
graded quizzes, exams and activities are posted.
8. Grades or the gradebook is an area that shows all of the
assignments that a student has submitted and their
corresponding grades and feedback details.
9. Messaging/email is an area where students can easily
locate and send email or messages to the instructor or
any other member of the class.
10. Course support or help is an area where you have links
to external support mechanisms [10].
V. CRUCIAL COMPONENTS OF ONLINE COURSE
For some, e-learning is a new mode of teaching and there is
always new technology to consider. In order to simplify the
process, below are four crucial components to consider
when creating a course.
A. Course structure: An online course must have an
intuitive and clear structure so student can easily
understand how to navigate in the LMS and do course
expectation.
B. Course content delivery: With numerous methods of
delivery available in an online setting, it is important to
carefully select appropriate tools for each lesson.
Instructor should learn how andwhen to effectively use
different tools and apply them as necessary.
C. Break down barriers: Instructor shouldn’t let physical
distance interfere with student interaction and be
always in contact. Assign students to collaborate and
complete a creative assessment.
D. Ensure functionality: When designing an online course,
keep in mind different technical and aesthetic aspects
that come into play. It is necessary to be sure that all
links are active and that material is easily accessible to
students.

When possible, games can be added to e-learning
environment to provide enjoyment, challenge, and
opportunity. Gamification, when done well, entices,
motivates, challenges, and empowers learners so they
willinglyachieve higher objectives. Gamescan bemore than
entertainment, and can lead to deeper engagement, andthat
brings better retention and changes in student behavior.
Moreover, games can be designed to be relevant to course
contents. Learners explore concepts, make strategic
decisions, receive immediate feedback, and willingly re-
engage after unsuccessful attempts.
VI. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF E-
LEARNING
E-learning hasmanyadvantages over conventional learning
process. Through e-learning various resources in several
varying formats can be linked. It is a very efficient way of
delivering courses online and due to its convenience and
flexibility, the resources areavailable fromanywhere andat
any time so everyone, can take advantage of web-based
learning. Moreover, web-based learningpromotesactiveand
independent learning. Therefore, it is a very convenient and
flexible option.
Through discussion boards and chats, it is possible to
interact with everyone online and also clear doubts if any.
The video instructions thatare provided for audioand video
learning can be rewound and seen and heardagainandagain
if you do not happen to understand the topic first time
around [6].
Although e-learning proved it efficacy and advantages over
traditional classroom learning, it also has some
disadvantages. One, is that it concentrates on getting
knowledge on a theoretical basis. Also, online student
feedback is limited and it can cause social isolation. E-
learning requires strong self-motivation and time
management skills. Lack of communicational skill
development in online students and deceit prevention
during online assessments is complicated. E-learning lacks
face-to-face communication in addition to that online
learning is inaccessible to the computer illiteratepopulation,
the thing that may not be applicable to university students
today.
If not all, it could be said that most of these disadvantages
can be overcome byapplying a suitable educationalsolution.
VII. E-LEARNING ACCREDITATION
Accreditation isa certificate froma third party that thepoint
of what provided conformity assessment services in a
specific area, formally qualified to carry out specific
conformityassessment after they meet all the requirements
contained evidence international to ensure the continuityof
their efficiency.
One of a well-known e-learning accreditation boards is
Quality Matters (QM). QM is a nonprofit organization
comprised of a dedicated staff that works together virtually
to support everyone’s quality assurance goals.
QM rubrics and standards are set of eight general standards
and 42 specific review standards used to evaluate thedesign
of online and blended courses. Annotations explain the
applications of the standards and their inter-relationships.
The rubric hasa scoring system used by the QMtodetermine
whether a course meets standards. Essential standards (3-
point specific review standards) must be met during the
review and an overall score of 85% of the points possibleare
required for a course to attain QM certification [15].
A scoring guides used to evaluate the quality, were created
to help course developers, teachers, faculty, entire
organizations,and students. The sixth edition QMstandards
stated eight general standards as follows:
1. Course overview and introduction:The overalldesignof
the course is made clear to the learner at the beginning
of the course.
2. Learning objectives (Competencies):Learningobjectives
or competencies describe what learners will be able to
do upon completion of the course.
3. Assessment and measurement: Assessmentsareintegral
to the learning process and are designed to evaluate
learner progress in achieving the stated learning
objectives or mastering the competencies.
4. Instructional materials: Instructional materials enable
learners to achieve stated learning objectives or
competencies.
5. Course activities and learner interaction: Course
activities facilitate and support learner interaction and
engagement.
6. Course technology: Course technologies support
learners’ achievement of course objectives or
competencies.
7. Learner support: The course facilitates learneraccessto
institutional support services essential to learner
success.
8. Accessibility and usability: The course design reflects a
commitment to accessibility and usability for all
learners.
Detailed QM Standards are represented in the appendix of
this work.
VIII. TURNING TO E-LEARNING
It is necessary to make a decision to start turning towardse-
learning to support traditional learning process i.e. in
supportive level, then, blended or full level would be ready
to implement when necessary.
 According to university policy and budget, a decision
could be made to select a suitable management learning
system.
 Active system managers are importantforoperationand
maintenance of the e-learning infrastructure.
 Appointing some instructional administrators who
responsible for the continuous monitoring of the
instruction process, the enrolment of students, the
compilation of course programs, and the identification
of new course needs.
 Involving instructors who are responsible for the
handling of problems, questions pertaining to students,
the compilation and updating of the content of
educational materials.
 Sometimes it may be necessary to implement text
developers to assist in conversion of traditional texts
into electronic educational materialsand the respective
maintenance tasks.
 One step to effective e-learning, is to activate university
emails. University can create official emails speciallyfor
departments, lecturers and students. Notice,

advertisements and other academic communication
should be achieved through these e-mails. Academic
contacts and documentation through these emails
should be officially considered.
The concept of e-contacts will make a student to cope with
electronic academic community. Conversely, all e-learning
management systems have the property to contact students
and make advertisement through. So this is one of powerful
e-learning tools. Besides that, it represents one of e-learning
quality requirements.
 Each course instructor or text developers should
prepare online course materials including; course
learning objectives and structure, course topics
(modules) and topic objectives, course materials and
references. In addition to these, the plan for interacting
with learners during the course is also necessary.
The course grading policy, assessments, course and
institutional policies, and communication expectations for
online discussions should be prepared.
 Number ofapproachescan be used to upload courses to
LMS beside instructionaladministrators.But, it isbetter
to assign or develop a course template that satisfies
typicalcourse requirements. Then, short trainingcanbe
oriented to course instructors to assist them to upload
their own courses.
 Institution can be totally turn to e-learning but, gradual
implantation maybe a better choice. Selectedsubjectsor
academic levels to which e-learning intended to
implement.
Newer students or preliminary level can also be better
choice. Here, cumulative student experience can be gained
and positively enriches future e-learning process.
Finalist can also be good alternative choice but, no
cumulative experience can be gained in this case.
All these options can be planned to run in parallel and total
e-learning implementation process assigned to complete
after a specific period of time.
 It is necessary to evaluate e-learning and decide
whether certain program courses are working for a
particular set of learners or not. Measuring the
effectiveness of e-learning will help institutes to realize
whether their e-learning courses are being effective
enough.
In general, e-learning has proved to be effective. The
institutes which use e-learning technologies areastepahead
of those which still have the traditional approach towards
learning.
Number of researcheswere carried outandrecommendedto
implement e-learning in university educational process.
E-learning can successfully support student and it had a
positive impact. It helps them access to course modules and
improve their academic capacities. Italsoincreasesstudents’
academic contributions.Through e-learning, students easily
follow course attentions and the course become popular.
Moreover, it is easy to do tests and tasks and obtain grades.
Therefore, e-learning assists to achieve course learning
objectives [2].
Researchers recommended implementing various forms of
virtual classes in teaching many subjects and to held more
training courses in field of e-learning. The LMS classroom
had a good acceptance and a greater impact [1]. A potential
exists for increasing the number of non-STEM (non-Science,
Technology, Engineeringand Mathematics) majors engaged
in citizen science using the flexibility of online learning to
teach environmental science core concepts [4].
IX. CONCLUSION
From e-learning literature reviewed analysisand discussion
carried out, it can be concluded with the following points:
 COVID-19 global crisis illuminated the necessity of
implementing e-learning in university education.
 Both, e-teachers and digital students are ready to deal
and cope with e-learning.
 It is important to apply e-learning in supportive level,
then blended and full levels can be applied when
necessary.
 Variety of e-learning strategies and approaches make it
more convenient.
 Transition to e-learning can be gradually adopted.
 E-learning characteristics, make it flexible and satisfies
all stake holders.
 Considering crucial components of e-learning, make it
more effective.
 Adding e-learninggamificationmake learningtobemore
interesting process.
 E-learning standards yields effective learning and leads
to accreditation.
 Researches proved effectiveness of e-learning in
different fields and that it can successfully supporting
students and it had a positive impact.
Finally, it is time to implement technology in learning by
shifting to e-learning, get its benefit and achieve appointed
learning objectives.
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[4] Paul Jasmine, Jefferson Felicia (2019), A comparative
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to-face environmental science course from 2009 to
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Appendix
Specific Review Standards from the QM Higher
Education Rubric, Sixth Edition
1. Course Overview and Introduction
1.1. Instructions make clear how to get started and where
to find various course components. (3 points)
1.2. Learners are introduced to the purpose and structure
of the course. (3 points)
1.3. Communication expectations for online discussions,
email, and other forms of interaction are clearly
stated. (2 points)
1.4. Course and institutional policies with which the
learner is expected to comply are clearlystatedwithin
the course, or a
link to current policies is provided. (2 points)
1.5. Minimum technology requirements for the courseare
clearly stated, and information on how to obtain the
technologies
is provided. (2 points)
1.6. Computer skills and digital information literacy skills
expected of the learner are clearly stated. (1 point)
1.7. Expectations for prerequisite knowledge in the
discipline and/or any required competencies are
clearly stated. (1 point)
1.8. The self-introduction by the instructor is professional
and is available online. (1 point)
1.9. Learners are asked to introduce themselves to the
class. (1 point)
2. Learning Objectives (Competencies)
2.1. The course learning objectives, or course/program
competencies, describe outcomes that are
measurable. (3 points)
2.2. The module/unit-level learning objectives or
competencies describe outcomes thatare measurable
and consistent with the course-level objectives or
competencies. (3 points)
2.3. Learning objectives or competencies are stated
clearly, arewritten from the learner’sperspective,and
are prominently located in the course. (3 points)
2.4. The relationship between learning objectives or
competencies and learning activities is clearly stated.
(3 points)
2.5. The learning objectives or competencies are suited to
the level of the course. (3 points)
3. Assessment and Measurement
3.1. The assessments measure the achievement of the
stated learning objectives or competencies. (3 points)
3.2. The course grading policy is stated clearly at the
beginning of the course. (3 points)
3.3. Specific and descriptive criteria are provided for the
evaluation of learners’ work, and their connection to
the course grading policy is clearly explained. (3
points)
3.4. The assessments used are sequenced, varied, and
suited to the level of the course. (2 points)
3.5. The course provides learners with multiple
opportunities to track their learning progress with
timely feedback. (2 points)
4. Instructional Materials
4.1. The instructional materials contribute to the
achievement of the stated learning objectives or
competencies. (3 points)
4.2. The relationship between the use of instructional
materials in the course and completing learning
activities is clearly explained. (3 points)
4.3. The course models the academic integrity expectedof
learners by providing both source references and
permissions for use of instructional materials. (2
points)
4.4. The instructional materials represent up-to-date
theory and practice in the discipline. (2 points)
4.5. A variety of instructional materials is used in the
course. (2 points)
5. Learning Activities and Learner Interaction
5.1. The learning activities promote the achievement of
the stated learning objectives or competencies. (3
points)
5.2. Learning activities provide opportunities for
interaction that support active learning. (3 points)
5.3. The instructor’s plan for interacting with learners
during the course is clearly stated. (3 points)
5.4. The requirements for learner interaction are clearly
stated. (2 points)
6. Course Technology
6.1. The tools used in the course support the learning
objectives or competencies. (3 points)
6.2. Course tools promote learner engagement and active
learning. (3 points)
6.3. A variety of technologyis used in the course. (1 point)
6.4. The course provides learners with information on
protecting their data and privacy. (1 point)
7. Learner Support
7.1. The course instructions articulate or link to a clear
description of the technical support offered and how
to obtain it. (3 points)

7.2. Course instructions articulate or link to the
institution’s accessibility policies and services. (3
points)
institution’s academic support services andresources
that can help learners
succeed in the course. (3 points)
institution’s student services and resources that can
help learners succeed. (1 point)
8. Accessibility and Usability
8.1. Course navigation facilitates ease of use. (3 points)
8.2. The course design facilitates readability. (3 points)
8.3. The course provides accessible text and images in
files, documents, LMS pages, and web pages to meet
the needs of diverse learners. (3 points)
8.4. The course provides alternative means of access to
multimedia content in formats that meet the needs of
diverse
learners. (2 points)
8.5. Course multimedia facilitate ease of use. (2 points)
8.6. Vendor accessibility statements are provided for all
technologies required in the course. (2 points)

Towards an Effective University E Learning

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