Tsunami_Occurrence_by_lavanya-1.pptx

Tsunami_Occurrence_by_lavanya-1.pptx

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  Tsunami Occurrence by CHITTURI LAVANYA Guidedby Asst. Professor M. Venkatesh
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  Tsunami Occurrence TSUNAMI ISA JAPANESE WORD ‘TSU’ MEANS “HARBOUR” AND ‘NAMI’ MEANS “WAVE”. TSUNAMI IS DEFINES AS EXTREMELY LARGE OCEAN WAVES TRIGGERED BY UNDER WAVES EARTHQUAKES, VOLCANIC OR LANDSLIDES. TSUNAMIS ARE SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS “TIDAL WAVES” BY THE GENERAL PUBLIC, WHICH IS A WRONG AS TSUNAMI ARE UNRELATED TO THE TIDES [1] www.slideshare.net/soubamindrakumar/tsunami-88220119
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  History (1896 –2004) • June 15, 1896 (100 feet) at 8.2 magnitude earthquake in Japan and 27000 were died. [2] • April 1, 1946 (130 feet) at 7.4 magnitude earthquake and 150 died in Hawaii. [2] • July 9, 1958 (1720 feet) at 7.8 magnitude earthquake in Alaska and 2 were died. [2] • May 22, 1960 (25 feet) at 9.5 magnitude earthquake in Chile. 1500 were died in Chile and Hawaii. [2] • March 27, 1964 (67 feet) 9.2 magnitude earthquake in Alaska and 120 died in northern California. [2] • August 23, 1976 (9 meters) 8.0 magnitude earthquake 8000 were died in southwest Philippines. [2] • July 17, 1998 7.0 (49 feet) magnitude earthquake and 2200 were died in New Guinea. [2] www.livescience.com/3731-tsunamis-history.html Because of seismic and volcanic activity associated with tectonic plate tsunamis, occur most frequently in the Pacific Ocean. The oldest recorded tsunami occurred in 479 BC.
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  2004 Indian Tsunami The quake was named the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, and the tsunami has become known as the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami[3,4] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harta_Ocean_Indian_Quake.png https://www.slideshare.net/soubamindrakumar/tsunami-88220119  It was 7:58 a.m. when the tremendous quake struck beneath the Indian Ocean 160 miles west of Sumatra. Not only did it register at approximately a 9.3 magnitude (only the 1960 Chile earthquake measured higher at 9.5, though there may have been stronger tremors prior to the invention of seismographic equipment) and last nearly 10 minutes, the quake moved a full 750 miles of underwater fault line earth up to 40 feet. The movement of the earth—there is evidence that huge boulders weighing thousands of tons were pushed several miles along the ocean floor caused a massive displacement of water. It is estimated that the resulting tsunami had two times the energy of all the bombs used during World War II and waves up to 15 meters shook Indonesia and killed an estimated 2,30,000 people.[3]
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  TSUNAMI AFFECTED AREAS Picsource https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-2004-tsunami- affected-areas-source-wwwworldatlascom_fig1_310457889 Effected areas by 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami through out the world [5] Pic source https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/tsunami-in- india/tsunami-affected-area-india.html Effected areas in India by 2004 Indian Tsunami[6]
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   Seismicity, theworldwide or local distribution of earthquakes in space, time, and magnitude. More specially, it refers to the measure of the frequency of earthquake in a region.  The frequency range of seismic waves is large, from as high as the audible range (greater than 20 hertz) to as low as the frequencies of the free oscillations of the whole Earth, with the gravest period being 54 minutes. Attenuation of the waves in rock imposes high-frequency limits, and in small to moderate earthquakes the dominant frequencies extend in surface waves from about 1 to 0.1 hertz.  Very close to the seismic sources of great earthquakes, investigators have measured large wave amplitudes with accelerations of the ground exceeding that of gravity (9.8 meters, or 32.2 feet, per second squared) at high frequencies and ground displacements of 1 meter at low frequencies. [7] 1. Seismicity Causes of Tsunami https://ballotpedia.org/Seismicity
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   Volcanic eruptionsrepresent also impulsive disturbances, which can displace a great volume of water and generate extremely destructive tsunami waves in the immediate source area.  Although relatively infrequent, violent volcanic eruptions represent also impulsive disturbances, which can displace a great volume of water and generate extremely destructive tsunami waves in the immediate source area. According to this mechanism, waves may be generated by the sudden displacement of water caused by a volcanic explosion, by a volcanos slope failure, or more likely by a phreatomagmatic explosion and collapse/engulfment of the volcanic magmatic chambers. [8,9] 2. Volcanic Eruption https://iotic.ioc-unesco.org/what-causes-tsunami/ https://www.google.com/search?q=volcanic+eruption+due+to+tsunami&rlz=1C1FKPE_enIN985IN985&sxsrf=ALiCzsYjAkRj_TzEBPD avjBTjSR6fKkf8w:1652348953883&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiktMPD19n3AhUJHKYKHZYAB1AQ_AUoAXoECAE QAw&biw=1536&bih=792&dpr=1.25#imgrc=n-XzliUoweKJuM
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  Less frequency, tsunamiwaves can be generated from displacement of water resulting from rock falls, ice falls and sudden submarine landslides or slumps. A landslide that occurs along the coast can force large amounts of water into the sea, disturbing the water and generate a tsunami. Underwater landslides can also result in tsunamis when the material loosened by the landslide moves violently, pushing the water in front of it. [10, 11, 12] 3. Icefall & Land slides https://iotic.ioc-unesco.org/what-causes-tsunami/ https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/DFD7/production/_104930375_in donesia_tsunami_explainer_640-nc.png https://in.pinterest.com/pin/423408802452963161/
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  Effects of Tsunami Thereare three factors of destruction from tsunamis, wave impact on structures, and erosion. Strong tsunami induced Current lead to erosion of foundation and the collapse of bridges and seawalls. Flotation and drag force move the houses, turnover railroad cars and ships. [13,14] • Destruction https://www.dw.com/en/climate-induced-sea-level-rise-to-worsen-tsunami-impacts/a-45730449 http://itic.ioc- unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1205 &Itemid=2029#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20factors%20of,ho uses%20and%20overturn%20railroad%20cars.
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  • Death Tsunamis aregiant waves that are produced when a large volume of water is displaced in an ocean or large lake by an earthquake, volcanic eruption, underwater landslide or meteorite. Between 1998-2017, tsunamis caused more than 250 000 deaths globally, including more than 227 000 deaths due to the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. [15] https://www.who.int/health-topics/tsunamis#tab=tab_1 Some survivors of the tsunami that struck South Asia on 26 December 2004 are experiencing a new peril mud and bacteria they inhaled as they were swept along with the waves has led to a type of aspiration pneumonia called “tsunami lung. Flooding and contamination of drinking water can cause diseases like Cholera, Diarrhoea, Malaria, Chest infections, Dengue fever, Typhoid, Other infections. Other diseases include hepatitis A, vaginal infections and diseases affecting children. Workers handling corpses are also prone to diarrhoea - but also to tuberculosis. [16] • Diseases https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1310941/#:~:text=New%20concerns%20in%20devastati on's%20wake,pneumonia%20called%20%E2%80%9Ctsunami%20lung.%E2%80%9D
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  Environmental Impacts • SolidWaste, Disaster Debris, and Sewage • Contamination of soil and water • Loss of Infrastructure and Facilities • Loss of Natural Ecosystems • Impact to Biological Communities and Species [17] • Tsunamis not only destroy human life, but have a devastating effect on insects, animals, plants, and natural resources. A tsunami changes the landscape. It uproots trees and plants and destroys animal habitats such as nesting sites for birds. Land animals are killed by drowning and sea animals are killed by pollution if dangerous chemicals are washed away into the sea, thus poisoning the marine life. • The impact of a tsunami on the environment relates not only to the landscape and animal life, but also to the man-made aspects of the environment. Solid waste and disaster debris are the most critical environmental problem faced by a tsunami-hit country. [18] https://www.sms-tsunami-warning.com/pages/tsunami-effects#.Yn3_HuhBxEY https://www.slideshare.net/soubamindrakumar/tsunami-88220119
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  WARNING TOWARDS TSUNAMI Early warnings come nearly animals as they sense danger and flee to higher grounds  A tsunami warning system (TWS) is used to detect tsunamis in advance and issue the warnings to prevent loss of life and damage to property. It is made up of two equally important components: a network of sensors to detect tsunamis and a communications infrastructure to issue timely alarms to permit evacuation of the coastal areas. There are two distinct types of tsunami warning systems: international and regional.[19] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami_warning_system
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  Remote sensing forTsunami Detection  Using Optical Images  SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)  LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) High-resolution satellite images and aerial photos can be used to detect individual building damage. [20] Lidar, is a remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth. These light pulses—combined with other data recorded by the airborne system — generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics. [21] https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lidar.html#:~:text=Lidar%2C%20which%20stands%20for%20Light,variable%20distances)%20to%20the%20Earth https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/10/5/177 SAR, is one of the power tools of remote sensing. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) bounces a microwave radar signal off the Earth’s surface to detect physical properties. Unlike optical technology, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can “see” through darkness, clouds, and rain, detecting changes in habitat, levels of water and moisture, effects of natural or human disturbance, and changes in the Earth’s surface after events such as earthquakes or sinkhole openings. [22] https://asf.alaska.edu/information/sar-information/what-is- sar/#:~:text=A%20synthetic%20aperture%20radar%20(SAR,backscattered%20%2C%20from%20the%20Earth's%20surface.&text=The%20instrument%20measures%20distances%20between, where%20the%20signal%20is%20backscattered.
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  TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM Tsunami boogies were used for wave tracking up-to certain limit waves. If the limit of waves exceeds, Tsunami boogies will transmit single to the control center and warns for Tsunami.  A typical tsunami buoy system comprises two components; the pressure sensor anchored to the sea floor and the surface buoy. The sensor on the sea floor measures the change in height of the water column above by measuring associated changes in the water pressure. This water column height is communicated to the surface buoy by acoustic telemetry and then relayed via satellite to the tsunami warning center. [23, 24] http://www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/about/detection_buoys.shtml#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20deep%2Docean,out%20in%20the%20deep%20ocean. https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1847823&language=en The Indian Tsunami Early Warning System comprises a real-time seismic monitoring network of 17 broadband seismic stations to detect tsunami genic earthquakes, a network of real-time sea-level sensors with 4 Bottom Pressure Recorders (BPR) in the open ocean and 25 tide gauge stations at different coastal locations monitor tsunamis and a 24 X 7 operational tsunami warning centre to provide timely advisories to vulnerable community. It also receives earthquake data from all other global networks to detect earthquakes of M>6.5. The state-of- the-art early warning centre at INCOIS - ESSO is operational since October 15, 2007 with all the necessary computational and communication infrastructure that enables reception of real-time data from seismic & sea-level sensors, analysis of the data, tsunami modelling, and dissemination of tsunami advisories guided by a comprehensive standard operating procedure (SOP). [25] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami_warning_system
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  Mitigations Techniques • Planningand practicing for response to tsunamis. • Alerting the public. • Establishing, marking, and publicizing evacuation routes. • Educating the public (residents and visitors) about tsunamis and tsunami safety before a tsunami strikes. • Improving evacuation routes. • Building tsunami evacuation structures. • Limiting new development in tsunami hazard zones. • Designing, and building structures to minimize tsunami damage. • Adopting building codes (safety codes) that address tsunamis. • Protecting and strengthening existing structures and infrastructure that if damaged would negatively affect response and recovery. • Moving important community assets and vulnerable populations out of tsunami hazard zones. • Planning for post-tsunami recovery. [26] https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/prep_com
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  R e f e r e n c e s 1) www.slideshare.net/soubamindrakumar/tsunami-88220119 2)www.livescience.com/3731-tsunamis-history.html 3) https://www.slideshare.net/soubamindrakumar/tsunami-88220119 4) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harta_Ocean_Indian_Quake.png 5) https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-2004-tsunami-affected-areas-source-wwwworldatlascom_fig1_310457889 6) https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/tsunami-in-india/tsunami-affected-area-india.html 7) https://ballotpedia.org/Seismicity 8) https://iotic.ioc-unesco.org/what-causes-tsunami/ 9) https://www.google.com/search?q=volcanic+eruption+due+to+tsunami&rlz=1C1FKPE_enIN985IN985&sxsrf=ALiCzsYjAkRj_TzEBPDavjBTjSR6fKkf8w:1652348953883&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwikt MPD19n3AhUJHKYKHZYAB1AQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1536&bih=792&dpr=1.25#imgrc=n-XzliUoweKJuM 10) https://iotic.ioc-unesco.org/what-causes-tsunami 11) https://in.pinterest.com/pin/423408802452963161/ 12) https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/DFD7/production/_104930375_indonesia_tsunami_explainer_640-nc.png 13) http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1205&Itemid=2029#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20factors%20of,houses%20and%20overturn%20railroad%20cars 14) https://www.dw.com/en/climate-induced-sea-level-rise-to-worsen-tsunami-impacts/a-45730449 15) https://www.who.int/health-topics/tsunamis#tab=tab_1 16) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1310941/#:~:text=New%20concerns%20in%20devastation's%20wake,pneumonia%20called%20%E2%80%9Ctsunami%20lung.%E2%80%9D 17) https://www.slideshare.net/soubamindrakumar/tsunami-88220119 18) https://www.sms-tsunami-warning.com/pages/tsunami-effects#.Yn3_HuhBxEY 19) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami_warning_system 20) https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/10/5/177 21) https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lidar.html#:~:text=Lidar%2C%20which%20stands%20for%20Light,variable%20distances)%20to%20the%20Earth 22) https://asf.alaska.edu/information/sar-information/what-is- sar/#:~:text=A%20synthetic%20aperture%20radar%20(SAR,backscattered%20%2C%20from%20the%20Earth's%20surface.&text=The%20instrument%20measures%20distances%20between,where%20the%20signal %20is%20backscattered. 23) http://www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/about/detection_buoys.shtml#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20deep%2Docean,out%20in%20the%20deep%20ocean 24) https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1847823&language=en 25) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami_warning_system 26) https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/prep_com
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  @CHITTURILAVANYA