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Tuberculosis (TB)
One third of the world is infected with tuberculosis, with over 1 million deaths reported annually. Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and is more common in developing countries. Symptoms include cough and abnormal chest x-rays. Diagnosis involves sputum smear, culture, and molecular tests. Treatment for active tuberculosis involves a combination of antibiotics over 6 months, while latent tuberculosis is treated with one or two antibiotics. Granulomas formed during infection help regulate the immune response and minimize tissue damage. Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem despite efforts to diagnose and treat those affected.
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Tuberculosis (TB)
- 1. Why TB Onethird of the world is reported to be infected. 8.2 million cases were active. 1.2-1.4 million death were reported( World Health Organization. 2013.). Tuberculosis is more common in developing countries. Tuberculosis (TB)
- 2. 37 millionlives were saved through diagnosis and treatment between 2000 and 2013. In 2013 an estimated 480,000 people developed multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Tuberculosis is the leading killer of HIV positive people.
- 3. What cause it Mycobacteriumtuberculosis complex It includes: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium africanum Mycobacterium bovis Mycobacterium microti M. tuberculosis divides every 15–20 hours
- 4. MOTT M. kansasii, M.simiae and M. marinum M. Scrofulaceum M. avium M. Ulcerans M. abscessus, M. fortuitum
- 5. Microscopy M. tuberculosis ischaracterized by caseating granulomas containing Langhans giant cells, which have a "horseshoe" pattern of nuclei. Organisms are identified by their red color on acid-fast staining.
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- 7. • granuloma thatprovides a protection and enable the bacilli to sustain a long-term persistent infection. • Protective granulomas are formed by cytokines. • Granulotomatous lesions are important in both regulating the immune response and minimizing tissue damage. • T cells help maintain Mycobacterium within the granulomas.
- 8. Diagnosis Diagnosis of activetuberculosis depend on signs of lung disease for more than two weeks . Abnormal chest x-ray. Multiple sputum samples for smear culture and PCR. (PPD) test. (QFT) test All tests are initial evaluation for tuberculosis.
- 9. Latent tuberculosis infection(LTBI) is the presence of M. tuberculosis organisms without symptoms or radiographic or bacteriologic evidence of TB disease. Approximately 90%–95% of those infected will not progress from LTBI to TB disease (CDC). Diagnosis is made be positive PPD or QFT
- 10. Treatment active tuberculosis isoniazid Rifampicin Pyrazinamide Ethambutol The fourdrugs are used for the first two months. rifampicin and isoniazid for the last four months.
- 11. For latent TBtreatment only rifampicin and isoniazid are used both together or one of them. WHO recommend directly observed therapy (DOT), the nurse or health care worker watch the patient while taking the medicine.
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- 13. where • Right upperlobe:
- 14. • Right middlelobe:
- 15. • Left upperlobe
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- 17. TB fibrosis oflung
- 20. Miliary TB. Multipletiny nodules scattered throughout both lungs
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- 25. TB or NotTB?
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- 28. Right heart failure.Well-defined masses seen with the right mid and lower zones. These ‘pseudotumours’ represent encysted pleural fluid within the horizontal and oblique fissures (arrows). Heart failure
- 29. interstitial pneumonitis (UIP)formerly cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis.
- 30. Kartagener syndrome Triadof features Situs inversus (50%). Nasal polyposis and chronic sinusitis. Bronchiectasis.
- 31. Mesothelioma. In thiscase, there are more extensive lobulated pleural masses
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- 34. Pneumoconiosis –Multiple smalldense bilateral pulmonary nodules.
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- 36. Sarcoidosis. Egg shellcalcification of both hila
- 37. Silicosis. Egg shellcalcification of both hila.
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- 39. Wegner’s granulomatosis. Largecavitating lung lesion
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- 42. Sources and refrences About35,300,000 results (0.26 seconds) A–Z of Chest Radiology By Rakesh R. Misra is a Consultant Radiologist in the Department of Radiology at Wycombe Hospital, Buckinghamshire Hospitals UK. WHO site. CDC- USA Presentation prepared by: Dr. Mohamed Elafiz General practitioner – Medical commission March 4,2015