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U2. islam & its expansion
- 1. 2ºESO IES Camilo JoséCela Teacher: Rocío Bautista
- 2. • Islam originatedin the 7th Century in the Arabian Peninsula, in an area known as the Near East. Near East (Oriente Próximo) • Confluence between Asia & Africa. It’s in-between: Red Sea Persian Gulf Mediterranean Sea Indian Ocean 1.1. Arabia before Muhammad
- 4. • It’s adesert area.
- 5. – In theinterior nomadic tribes (Bedouins) who practised animistic religions (worship of fetishes: objects believed to have supernatural powers, usually natural elements as plants & animals). – In the coasts settled tribes who practised polytheism. Despite their differences, they had 2 things in common… •Arabic language •Cult of the Black Stone in the Kaaba sanctuary (in Mecca). Before Muhammad, Arabia was inhabited by several independent tribes:
- 6. Bedouins The term "Bedouin”comes from the Arabic word “badawi” (يِوَدَب), and it means "those in the desert".
- 7. Sanctuary of theKaaba (Mecca) According to the Muslim tradition, the Kaaba was first built by Adam, but it was destroyed in the Flood. Later, Abraham rebuild it. Centuries later men forgot about it significance and began practicing idolatry in it, until the times of Muhammad, when it became again the house of God (Allah).
- 8. The black stoneinside the sanctuary of the Kaaba (Mecca) It is said that it was brought by Archangel Gabriel to Abraham: "It descended from Paradise whiter than milk, but the sins of the sons of Adam made it black.”
- 9. • The maincity in Arabia was Mecca because: – Location of the Kaaba (pilgrimage place). – It was a crossroads for the trade caravans that came from the Far East.
- 10. • During the7th Century, Muhammad brought all these Arab tribes together under a common religion: ISLAM
- 11. Activity 1 a) Copythe map of the geographical location of the Arabian Peninsula (p.28). Include: – Mediterranean Sea – Red Sea – Indian Ocean – Persian Gulf b) Write 3 modern countries that can be found today in the Arabian peninsula. c) What did they have in common the different tribes that inhabited the Arabian peninsula in the early 7th Century? d) Why was the city of Mecca so important? – Mecca – Medina (Yathrib) – Jerusalem – Egypt
- 12. Mohammad and thebeginning of Islam (1.2. & 2.1.) Muhammad is the prophet of ISLAM: • 570: he was born in Mecca. • 610: according to the legend, archangel Gabriel appeared before him and told him to preach a new religion called ISLAM.
- 13. • 610 -622: Muhammad preached Islam in Mecca. He became enemy of rich merchants & authorities because Islam denied polytheism, and Mecca’s wealth was based in the pilgrimage to the Kaaba which had a polytheistic nature.
- 14. • 622: Muhammad& his followers escaped from Mecca to Yathrib (renamed Medina = “City of the Prophet“). This event is known as HEGIRA, and it’s taken as the beginning of the Muslim calendar.
- 15. • 622 –630: Muhammad lived in Medina, where he became a political, religious & military leader: – He created the first community of Muslim believers. – He organised an army.
- 16. • 630 He conquered Mecca, and continued the expansion of Islam across the rest of the Arabian Peninsula.
- 17. • 632 Muhammad died having achieved the unification of the Arabic tribes under a common political & religious leader. CONCLUSION: Mohammad had not only created a new religion... He had also unified Arabia politically!!!
- 18. Orthodox In the map,colour in the territories through which Islam was spread during Muhammad's life (622-632). Activity 2. Expansion of Islam
- 19. a) What isthe Hegira? b) What are the two main achievements of Muhammad? c) Make a timeline about Muhammad’s life that includes the following dates. Remember that timelines have to be proportional: • 570 • 610 • 622 • 630 • 632 Activity 3
- 20. 1.3. Islamic religion •Mohammad is the prophet of ISLAM. • Its only god is Allah. • Its sacred book is the Koran. • Its believers are the Muslims. • Muslims have to accept the five pillars of Islam. • Other cultural practices of Muslims are: – Not drinking alcohol – Not eating pork – Not gambling – Accepting polygamy (not in every Islamic country!!!!) • Some Muslim countries follow the Islamic law (“Sharia”).
- 21. Very few countries applythe Sharia as their main legal system (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Iraq, Afghanistan). Adultery, homosexuality… are condemned to death penalty, for example by stoning.
- 22. Five pillars ofIslam 1) Declaration of faith: there’s no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet. 2) Prayer: Muslims have to pray 5 times a day facing Mecca. 3) Alms-giving (limosna): give money to those who need it. 4) Fasting (ayuno): abstain from food from sunrise to sunset during the month of Ramadan. 5) Pilgrimage: all Muslims have to go to Mecca at least once in their life. The “Hand of Fatima” is used to represent the Five Pillars of Islam.
- 23. Activity 4 Draw aHand of Fatima in your notebook, and write each pillar in a different finger. 1) Declaration of faith: there’s no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet. 2) Prayer: Muslims have to pray 5 times a day facing Mecca. 3) Alms-giving (limosna): give money to those who need it. 4) Fasting (ayuno): abstain from food from sunrise to sunset during the month of Ramadan. 5) Pilgrimage: all Muslims have to go to Mecca at least once in their life.
- 24. 2. EXPANSION OFISLAM: the creation of a great empire Muhammad’s successors, the caliphs (“successor”), continued to conquer territories and to expand Islam. They created a huge empire. 3 stages: a) ORTHODOX CALIPHATE b) UMAYYAD CALIPHATE c) ABBASID CALIPHATE
- 25. This expansion waspossible due to several factors: • Desire to spread the Islamic faith • A powerful & organized army • Desire to obtain war booty • The weakness of their opponents (Byzantines & Persians where weakened due to fights between them, so they couldn’t confront the Muslims). Orthodox
- 26. In the map,colour in the territories through which Islam was spread during the Orthodox (632-661) & the Umayyad (661-750) caliphates. Activity 2. Expansion of Islam (cont.) Orthodox
- 27. CALIPHATE CHRONO LOGY WHO WHERE THE CALIPHS? CAPITAL CONQUESTS/ EXTENSION ORTHODOX Family and closest friends of Muhammad. Medina (Saudi Arabia) Maximum expansion of the empire: WEST North of Africa, Iberian Pen. EAST Indus Valley (Pakistan) & Turkestan (border of China). The expansion ended (only some minor conquests: Crete and Sicily). The Turks took control in 1055, until the Mongolians conquered Baghdad in 1258. Activity 5: Stages of the conquest Copy & complete the chart.
- 28.
- 29. ORGANISATION OF THEEMPIRE: politics POLITICALORGANISATION CALIPH Had complete political & religious power. VIZIER Like a Prime Minister. Helped the caliph to govern. EMIRS / WALIS Governors of the provinces (“koras”) KADIS Judges that applied the laws (administered justice) DIWANS Royal treasurers that collected taxes: - Everyone: according to their owned land - Non-muslims: to practice their religion
- 30. ORGANISATION OF THEEMPIRE: economy ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURE Main economic activity New crops introduced to Western Europe: rice, cotton, sugar cane, saffron, oranges, lemons. New irrigation systems (waterwheels, ditches, wells....) & farming techniques (terraces) Nomadic cattle farming in desert regions: sheep & camels. CRAFTWORK Small workshops where artisans lived, worked & sold their products. Main crafts: - Cotton & linen textiles - Carpets - Leather goods - Perfumes - Etc… TRADE Benefited of its strategic position between Europe, the East & Africa. Products sold in the souks (markets of the cities) Many luxury products from distant places were traded: metals, silk, spices, salt, slaves…
- 31. NEW CROPS INTRODUCED TOWESTERN EUROPE Cotton Oranges & lemons Saffron Rice Sugar cane
- 32. NEW FARMING TECHNIQUES Irrigationsystems: waterweels, ditches, wells… Terraces to cultivate on mountain slopes. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzzSLqPckZM&featu re=player_embedded#!
- 33. ORGANISATION OF THEEMPIRE: economy ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURE Main economic activity New crops introduced to Western Europe: rice, cotton, sugar cane, saffron, oranges, lemons. New irrigation systems (waterwheels, ditches, wells....) & farming techniques (terraces) Nomadic cattle farming in desert regions: sheep & camels. CRAFTWORK Small workshops where artisans lived, worked & sold their products. Main crafts: - Cotton & linen textiles - Carpets - Leather goods - Perfumes - Etc… TRADE Benefited of its strategic position between Europe, the East & Africa. Products transported by camel convoys & boats, and sold in the souks (markets of the cities) Many luxury products from distant places were traded: metals, silk, spices, salt, slaves…
- 34. CRAFTWORK & TRADEIN THE SOUKS Leather tanning in Fez (Morocco)
- 35. CRAFTWORK & TRADEIN THE SOUKS Leather goods
- 36. CRAFTWORK & TRADEIN THE SOUKS Spices (Dubai souk) Saffron Arabian food
- 37. CRAFTWORK & TRADEIN THE SOUKS Textiles & carpets
- 38. ORGANISATION OF THEEMPIRE: society SOCIAL ORGANISATION ARISTOCRACY - Very small group - Arab origin. - A lot of political & economic power fortunes & lands from war booties; high positions in the government. FREE PEOPLE (peasants, artisans & traders) MUSLIMS (“Mawali”) NON-MUSLIMS (“Dhimmis”): Christians & Jews were free, but had to pay more taxes. SLAVES War prisoners or traded from central Africa.
- 39. a) What agriculturalinnovations did the Muslims introduced to Western Europe? b) What forced Muslims to develop irrigation techniques? c) Why was trade an outstanded economic activity for Muslims? d) Indicate 5 products that were traded in the Islamic Empire. e) What means did the Muslims use to transport the traded goods? f) Who were the Mawali and the Dhimmis? Activity 6
- 40.
- 41. The medina (city)was surrounded by walls. • Inside the walls is the medina (divided into quarters) • Outside the walls is the arrabal • (Marrakech, Morocco)
- 42. Medina: • Divided intoquarters • Protected by walls and gated entrances • Densely populated with irregular pattern of buildings and streets • Streets were narrow and winding
- 43. Public spaces: Mosque -Islamic place of worship Souk(s) - commercial quarter / market Public baths – (hamman) used by everyone in the city Fortress (alcazaba) - built on highest part of medina. Protects the city from enemy attacks Inside the Medina
- 44. Mosques • HassanII Mosque (Casablanca, Morocco) •Minaretistallestintheworld(210m) •7thlargestmosqueintheworld •Holds25,000worshippersinside
- 46. Souks Leather, spices, textiles, jewelry,woodwork, etc.
- 47.
- 48. Fortress (alcazaba) Alhambra, Granada: palaceand fortress built in the 10th century
- 49. Houses and theirdesign
- 50. Few windows, coveredwith latticework (celosía) to keep cool and private. Centered around a courtyard (interior patio). Usually 2 floors: Ground floor: kitchen, living room, store rooms. 1st floor: bedrooms. Muslim houses
- 51. Muslim houses “RIAD”: traditionalMuslim houses. Fez (Morocco). Courtyard
- 52. Muslim houses Living room Latticeworkon a window
- 53. Define the followingwords: • Medina • Arrabal • Mosque • Souk • Hamman • Alcazaba Activity 7