Dubai has transformed its government through e-government and smart government initiatives. It launched an e-government program in 2000 to digitize government services. In 2009 it established the Dubai Smart Government Department to lead the next phase, adopting a hybrid centralization/decentralization model. This involved implementing over 50 shared electronic services across 40 government entities. The initiatives have improved customer satisfaction, increased operational efficiencies through cost savings and automated processes, and achieved economies of scale. Dubai now aims to become a fully connected smart government and smart city through continued digitization of services and use of smart technologies.