Un-13- Surveillance in Public Health.pptx

Un-13- Surveillance in Public Health.pptx

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  by Muhammad Rehan Surveillance inPublic Health
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  1. Introduction toSurveillance  Definition: Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health-related data. It is essential for planning, implementing, and evaluating public health practices.
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  2. Objectives ofSurveillance DETECT OUTBREAKS AND EPIDEMICS EARLY MONITOR DISEASE TRENDS OVER TIME GUIDE PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTIONS EVALUATE CONTROL MEASURES SUPPORT RESEARCH AND POLICY-MAKING
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  3. Types of Surveillance A.Passive Surveillance Definition: Routine reporting of diseases by all institutions (e.g., clinics, hospitals) to health authorities. Example: Health workers report cases of notifiable diseases to the Ministry of Health. Advantages: Inexpensive Covers a large population Disadvantages: May lead to underreporting Relies on healthcare providers to report cases
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  B. Active Surveillance Definition:Health authorities actively search for cases by visiting healthcare facilities, contacting labs, or communities. Example: Field officers collecting data on polio during immunization campaigns. Advantages: More accurate Timely and detailed data Disadvantages: Costly Resource-intensive
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  C. Sentinel Surveillance Definition:Selected institutions or groups (sentinel sites) are tasked with reporting all cases of specific diseases. Example: A few hospitals track influenza cases to monitor seasonal trends. Advantages: High-quality data Good for monitoring specific diseases Disadvantages: Not representative of the general population
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  4. Role ofthe Nurse in Surveillance Nurses play a critical role in all forms of surveillance: Data Collection: Recording and reporting disease cases. Case Identification: Recognizing signs of notifiable diseases. Education: Informing patients and communities about disease prevention. Follow-up: Monitoring cases and contacts during outbreaks. Reporting: Timely submission of reports to relevant authorities. Training: Teaching other healthcare workers about surveillance protocols. Collaboration: Working with epidemiologists and public health teams.
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  5. Institutions Involved in Surveillance International Level:  World Health Organization (WHO): Coordinates global disease surveillance.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC – USA): Supports worldwide surveillance programs.  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC): For Europe-wide monitoring.
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  National Level (examples): Ministry ofHealth (MoH): Implements national surveillance systems. National Public Health Institutes: Conduct research and coordinate national data. National Disease Surveillance Centers
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   Local Level: Hospitals and Clinics: First point of data collection.  Local Health Departments: Analyze and act on data locally.
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  6. Examples ofDiseases Under Surveillance Tuberculosis (TB) HIV/AIDS Measles Polio COVID-19 Influenza Malaria (in endemic areas)
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  7. Challenges in Surveillance Underreporting  Lack of resources  Inadequate training  Poor data quality  Delayed reporting
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  8. Conclusion  Surveillanceis the backbone of public health. It allows early detection, rapid response, and effective control of diseases. Nurses and healthcare workers are at the heart of this system, ensuring data is collected accurately and promptly. Institutions at the local, national, and international levels must collaborate to maintain strong surveillance networks.