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![Medico Slides
THE FIRST MUSLIM NURSE
Furthermore, Rufaidah’s activities as someone greatly
involved in the community, in helping those at the more
disadvantaged portions of society symbolize the ethos of
care identified above.
Anas ibn Mâlik said: “Muhammad (PBUH) used to go out to
the battles taking Umm Sulaym and some other women of
the Ansaar with Him; when He fights in the battle, they [i.e.
the women] would give water to the soldiers and treat the
injured.”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit01historyofnursing-251016162358-b5093e7d/85/Unit-01-History-Of-Nursing-for-studen-pptx-27-320.jpg)
![Medico Slides
THE FIRST MUSLIM NURSE
Furthermore, Rufaidah’s activities as someone greatly
involved in the community, in helping those at the more
disadvantaged portions of society symbolize the ethos of
care identified above.
Anas ibn Mâlik said: “Muhammad (PBUH) used to go out to
the battles taking Umm Sulaym and some other women of
the Ansaar with Him; when He fights in the battle, they [i.e.
the women] would give water to the soldiers and treat the
injured.”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit01historyofnursing-251016162358-b5093e7d/75/Unit-01-History-Of-Nursing-for-studen-pptx-27-2048.jpg)
Unit # 01 History Of Nursing for studen.pptx
- 1. HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OFNURSING By : Ibne Amin Institute of Nursing Sciences, Khyber Medical University , Peshawar
- 2. Medico Slides OBJECTIVES • Bythe end of presentation learners will be able to: • Summarize the Ancient Cultures in the field of Nursing. • Describe site of health care in Ancient Cultures. • Discuss Islam and Nursing. • Explain Historical perspective and founder of Nursing. • Discuss mughal period in Nursing. Define nursing by WHO and different scholars • Briefly describe types of Nursing educational programs • History of Nursing Education in Pakistan
- 3. Medico Slides INTRODUCTION • Treatingthe sick is nothing new. People have cared for the sick throughout history, beginning in ancient times • However, considering the long history of nursing, it was not until fairly recently that nurses received a formal nursing education. • Over hundreds of years, nursing has undergone an evolution, eventually transforming itself into the respected profession we all know of today.
- 4. Medico Slides NURSING INANCIENT TIMES In some early cultures, the provision of nursing care was assigned to females, because women provided nurturing to their infants and it was assumed that they could provide the same type of care to the sick and injured.
- 5. Medico Slides NURSING INANCIENT TIMES In other ancient societies, however, men were designated to care for the sick, because they were considered priests, spiritual guides or “medicine men.”
- 6. Medico Slides NURSING INANCIENT TIMES • There was no formal education available in primitive societies, so the earliest nurses learned the tricks of the trade via oral traditions that were passed down from one generation to the next. • They also learned how to nurse patients back to health through trial and error and by observing others who cared for the sick.
- 7. Medico Slides NURSING INANCIENT TIMES The earliest nurses used plants and herbs to heal and believed that evil spirits and magic could affect one’s health. Illness was often viewed as a sign that something was done to offend the priests or gods.
- 8. Medico Slides NURSING INANCIENT TIMES • The Egyptian healthcare system was the first to maintain medical records starting at around 3000 B.C. • Egyptian society was also the first to classify medications and develop plans to maintain people’s health. • They were the first to use the concepts of Sutures in repairing wounds. • Egyptian physicians are believed to have specialized in certain diseases (such as internal diseases, fractured bones, and wounds).
- 9. Medico Slides NURSING INANCIENT TIMES Greece From1500 B.C. to 100 B.C., Greek philosophers sought to understand man and his relationship with Gods ,nature and other men. They believed that god and goddesses of Greek mythology, controlled health and illness. Temples were built to honor the Asclepius , the god of medicine, and were designated to care for the sick. The Greeks believed in Apollo, the Greek god of healing and prayed to him for magic cures for their illness.
- 10. Medico Slides NURSING INANCIENT TIMES Hippocrates was the first who attributed disease to natural cause rather than supernatural causes and curses of gods and 400 B.C. ,the famous Greek physician Hippocrates believed that disease had natural, not magical, causes.
- 11. Medico Slides NURSING INANCIENT TIMES INDIA Dating from 2000 to 1200 B.C., the earliest cultures of India were Hindu. The sacred books of Hindu, Vedas, were used to guide healthcare practices. The Vedas included herbs, spices, displays of magic, and charms. The Indian documented information concerning prenatal care and childhood illness.
- 12. Medico Slides NURSING INANCIENT TIMES CHINA The teaching of Confucius (551-479 B.C.) had a powerful impact on the customs and practices of people of ancient China. One tradition that exemplified their belief about health and illness was the yin and yang philosophy. The Chinese believed that an imbalance between these two forces would result in in illness, where as balance between the yin and yang represent good health. The ancient Chinese used a variety of treatments believed to promote health and harmony, including acupuncture to affect the balance of yin and yang. Hydrotherapy, massage, and exercise were used as preventive health measures.
- 13. Medico Slides NURSING INANCIENT TIMES ROME In ancient Rome, during the early Christian era, deaconesses were selected by the church to provide care for the sick. Deaconesses had some education and were selected by the church’s bishops to visit and care for the sick in their homes. The deaconess Phoebe is considered to be the first “visiting nurse” who provided expert home nursing care.
- 14. Medico Slides NURSING INANCIENT TIMES The Roman Empire (27BC. - 476 A.D.) a military dictatorship, adopted medical practices from the countries they conquered and the physicians they enslaved. The first military hospital in Europe was established in Rome. Both male and female attendants assisted in the care of sick. Galen was a famous Greek physician who worked in Rome and made important contribution to the practice of medicine by expanding his knowledge in anatomy, physiology, pathology and medical therapeutics.
- 15. Medico Slides NURSING INANCIENT TIMES The Middle Ages The Middle ages (476BC. To 1450 A.D.) followed the demise of Roman Empire. Women used herbs and new methods of healings whereas man continued to use purging and leeching. This period also saw the Roman Catholic Church become a central Figure in the organization and management of health care. Most of the changes in health care were based on the Christian concepts of charity and sanctity of human life. Wives of emperors and other women considered noble were become nurses.
- 16. Medico Slides NURSING INANCIENT TIMES RENAISSANCE PERIOD The Renaissance and Reformation period (1500 to 1700) also known as the rebirth of Europe, followed the middle ages period. During the renaissance period, a growing interest in science and technology led to advances in medicine and public health. At the time, the rich paid for their sick to be cared for at home, while the poor were cared for in hospitals. By the time many poor people arrived at hospitals, they were already very ill, so they often died in the hospitals. Being hospitalized had negative connotations for most people, as hospitals were considered places where people went to die. It was also referred as the Dark Ages of Nursing.
- 17. Medico Slides NURSING INANCIENT TIMES • Following the Protestant Reformation, monasteries and convents were closed, and the lands were seized. “Common” women who were too old or ill to find other jobs started caring for the sick. (The Protestant Reformation was a major religious movement in Europe during the 1500s that challenged the power and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. • It began in 1517 when a German monk named Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses, criticizing the Church, especially its practice of selling indulgences (payments for forgiveness of sins). He believed that people could be saved by faith alone, not by paying money or doing certain Church rituals.) • Although there were a few hospitals in Protestant Europe, there were no regular system of nursing. Female practitioners cared for neighbors and family, but their work was unpaid and unrecognized. • In Catholic areas, however, the tradition of nursing nuns continued uninterrupted.
- 18. Medico Slides FOUNDATIONS OFMODERN NURSING • Modern nursing began in the 19th century in Germany and Britain. • The practice had spread worldwide by about 1900. British social reformers advocated for the formation of groups of religious women to staff existing hospitals in the first half of the 19th century. • Two influential women in the field of nursing during this time period were Elizabeth Fry and Florence Nightingale.
- 19. Medico Slides THE 19THAND 20TH CENTURIES • In the late 19th century, nursing professionalized rapidly in the United States. • Women who had served as nurses during the Civil War realized the importance of a formal nursing education and played a crucial role in establishing the first nurse training schools. • Hospitals began setting up nursing schools that attracted women from both working-class and middle-class backgrounds.
- 20. Medico Slides The 19thand 20th Centuries • The first permanent school of nursing founded in the United States was the nurse training school at the Women’s Hospital of Philadelphia, which was established in 1872. • During the second half of the 20th century, the number of graduate programs in nursing grew rapidly.
- 21. Medico Slides THE 19THAND 20TH CENTURIES • Graduate nursing programs focusing on clinical specialties laid the basis for the expansion of advanced practice nursing. • By the end of the 1960s, there were 1,343 nursing schools with 1,64,545 nursing students enrolled, according to the National Student Nurses Association (NSNA)
- 22. Medico Slides NURSING INISLAM • Nursing in Islam is a healthcare services related to caring patient, individual, family, and community as manifestation of love for Allah and the Prophet Muhammad(PBUH). • Nursing as a profession is not new to Islam. In fact, it is attributive to sympathy and responsibility towards the concerned in need. • This undertaking had started during the development of Islam as a religion, a culture, and civilization.
- 23. Medico Slides NURSING INISLAM 1.“ heal the breasts of believers ” َورُدُص ِف ْشَيَو َينِنِمْؤُم ٍمْوَق Tawba -14 2. “ and a healing for the diseases in your hearts ” ِورُدُّصال يِف اَمِل ٌءَافِشَو Yonos – 57 3.“ we send down stag by stage in the Qur'an and that which is a healing and a mercy to those who believe” Israa – 82 َنِم ُلِّزَنُنَو َينِنِمْؤُمْلِل ٌةَمْحَرَو ٌءَافِش َوُه اَم ِنَآ ُْرقْال “ 4. “and when I am ill, it is He who cures me ” ِينِف ْشَي َوُهَف ُتْضِرَم اَذِإَو Shoaara – 80
- 24. Medico Slides NURSING INISLAM • And there are many statements of our prophet. Muhammad (PBUH) related to this subject example: –Our God create treatment for every disease some people know it and some of them don’t. –Seek for treatment and medical help.
- 25. Medico Slides THE FIRSTMUSLIM NURSE • The first professional nurse in the history of Islam is a woman named, Rufaidah bento Saad Al Aslamiah, from the Bani Aslam tribe in Madina Al Monawarah • She lived at the time of Prophet Muhammad (saw) and was among the first people in Medina to accept Islam • Rufaidah received her training and knowledge in medicine from her father, a physician whom she assisted regularly
- 26. Medico Slides THE FIRSTMUSLIM NURSE After the Muslim state was established in Medina, she would treat the ill in her tent set up outside the mosque During times of war, she would lead a group of volunteers to the battlefield and would treat casualties and injured soldiers. Rufaidah is described as a woman possessing the qualities of an ideal nurse: compassionate, empathetic, good leader and a great teacher, passing on her clinical knowledge to others she trained. .
- 27. Medico Slides THE FIRSTMUSLIM NURSE Furthermore, Rufaidah’s activities as someone greatly involved in the community, in helping those at the more disadvantaged portions of society symbolize the ethos of care identified above. Anas ibn Mâlik said: “Muhammad (PBUH) used to go out to the battles taking Umm Sulaym and some other women of the Ansaar with Him; when He fights in the battle, they [i.e. the women] would give water to the soldiers and treat the injured.”
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- 29. Medico Slides Florence Nightingale •She was born in 1820 and died in 1910 • Born in Italy to wealthy English parents • Frustrated by lack of options for women of her social background • Challenged parents and society and traveled to Germany and throughout Europe to train as a nurse • Her big opportunity came when the Crimean war broke out in 1854
- 30. Medico Slides FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE •Secretary of War asked her to go take charge of the hospital at Scutari in Turkey. • Nightingale showed up with 38 trained nurses and faced a death rate of 40% • Nightingale found that conditions in the military hospitals were terrible. The absence of sewers and laundry facilities, the lack of supplies, the poor food, and the disorganized medical services contributed to a death rate of more than 50% among the wounded.
- 31. Medico Slides Florence Nightingale •She established cleanliness and sanitation rules • Patients received special diets and plenty of food • Improved water supply • Patients received proper nursing care • Nightingale established a reputation which allowed her to improve nursing standards at home • Nightingale’s strong statements about the role of nurses and their need for lifelong education are still quoted widely today
- 32. Medico Slides FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE •Established nursing school at St. Thomas’ Hospital, London. • By 1887, had her nurses working in six countries and U.S. • She was a nurse, philosopher, statistician, historian, politician and more • Today she is considered the founder of modern nursing
- 33. Medico Slides NURSING DEFINITIONSBY SCHOLARS Nursing definitions by Florence Nightingale She defined nursing 100 years ago as “ the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery” (Nightingale 1860)
- 34. Medico Slides NURSING DEFINITIONSBY SCHOLARS Virginia Henderson’s Definition “The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery( or to peace full death) that he would perform independently if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.”
- 35. Medico Slides NURSING DEFINITIONSBY SCHOLARS ANA’s Definition • In 1980, the ANA (American Nurses Association) published this definition of nursing “Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems.” (ANA, 1980, p. 9)
- 36. Medico Slides Nursing DefinitionWHO Nursing definition WHO Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. It includes the promotion of health, the prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people.
- 37. Medico Slides MUGHAL PERIODAND NURSING Maham Anga, a great lady served as a wet Nurse of King Akbar in Mughal Empire She nursed during Wars in India and Afghanistan
- 38. Medico Slides TYPES OFNURSING EDUCATION PROGRAMMES • NURSING DIPLOMA • ASSOCIATE OF SCIENCE IN NURSING • BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING (BSN • RN-TO-BSN (POST RN BSN) • MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING (MSN) • DOCTORATE NURSING DEGREE PROGRAMS • MPH • MSPH
- 39. Medico Slides HISTORY OFNURSING EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN • Initially, the health-care services in Pakistan were ill- developed and the rate of employment in health-care jobs in Pakistan was very low. Since 1951 Pakistani governments have concentrated on the development and improvement of health care services and one of the major steps is increasing the rate of funding to PNC Clinics. The Nursing council (PNC) has also played a key role to provide world-class health care and nursing services to the patients. • Pakistan had a nurse-to-population ratio of 1:32000 in 1960, improving to 1:5199 by 1997
- 40. Medico Slides HISTORY OFNURSING EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN • According to figures cited by the Journal of Pioneering Medical Sciences in 2013, the existing nurse-patient ratio in Pakistan is approximately 1:50 whereas the ratio prescribed by the Pakistan Nursing Council (PNC) is 1:10 in general areas and 2:1 in specialized areas. • Currently, Pakistan has 162 registered nursing colleges.
- 41. Medico Slides PAKISTAN NURSINGCOUNCIL (PNC) The PNC is an autonomous, regulatory body constituted under the Pakistan Nursing Council Act (1952, 1973) and empowered to register (license) Nurses, Midwives, Lady Health Visitors (LHVs) and Nursing Auxiliaries to practice in Pakistan. PNC was established in 1948. The PNC has involvement in improving and standardizing public education and clinical nursing standards. They also oversee the ethical standards and general welfare of nurses.
- 42. Medico Slides PAKISTAN NURSINGCOUNCIL (PNC) Roles/functions of the PNC? 1. PNC sets the curriculum for the education of Nurses, Midwives, LHVs and Nursing Auxiliaries. 2. PNC inspects educational institutions for approval based on established standards 3. PNC provides registration (license) to practice. 4. PNC maintains standards of education and practice.
- 43. Medico Slides PAKISTAN NURSINGCOUNCIL (PNC) 5. PNC works closely with the four provincial Nursing Examination Boards (NEBs). 6. PNC plays and advisory role for the overall benefit of Nurses, Midwives, LHVs and Nursing Auxiliaries in the country. 7. PNC maintains an advisory role for the Federal and Provincial Government regarding nursing education and nursing services.
- 44. Medico Slides PAKISTAN NURSINGCOUNCIL (PNC) 8. PNC communicates policy decisions regarding nursing education and the welfare of nurses, taken in Council meetings, to Governments, Nursing Institutions, NEBs and Armed Forces Nursing Services for implementation. 9. PNC prescribes penalties for fraudulent registration by intention of removes persons from the Register for professional misconduct.
- 45. Medico Slides HISTORY OFNURSING EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN • 1948: First Nursing School was established in Ganga Ram small private Hospital Lahore. • In 1952: first group of 07 girls passed the nursing course from this school. • In 1948: Second School of Nursing was opened in JPMC Karachi. • This development followed by Bahawalpur, Hyderabad and Multan, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, Civil Hospital Karachi, Mayo Hospital Lahore. • In 1951: LHV Training extended to 02years, one year midwifery and second in nursing emphasized on community nursing.
- 46. Medico Slides HISTORY OFNURSING EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN Every year 1800-2000 Registered Nurses, 1200- 1300 Midwives Nurses and 300-400 Lady Health Visitors are produced in the country.
- 47. Medico Slides THE FUTUREOF NURSING • International Nurses Day is observed on May 12 across the globe to acknowledge the role that nurses play in the healthcare system • Pakistan is running short of nursing staff and currently nursing education is in transition period and diploma education has been replaced by university degree by 2018.
- 48. Medico Slides THE FUTUREOF NURSING A few universities offer master degree & PhD in nursing sciences. Recently KMU has started PhD Nursing ( First ever public sector university of Pakistan). However, there is a lot to be done more as currently degree program is lacking quality with exception to some institution, along with surfacing of some ghost institutions offering degree to remote students even without attendance, reason behind is the culture of political nepotism and corruption.
- 49. Medico Slides REFERENCES 1. Craven,R. F., & Hirnle, C. J. (2000). Fundamentals of Nursing: Human Health and Function. (3rd ed.). New York: Lippincott. 2. Delaune, S. C., & Ladner, P. K. (2002). Fundamentals of Nursing:Standards and Practice. (2nd ed.) Canada: Delmar. 3. Erb, G. K., B. (2000). Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process and Practice (5th ed.) Addison: Wesley. 4. Potter, P. A & Perry, A. G. (2003). Basic Nursing: Essentials for Practice (5th ed.) St. Louis: Mosby. Provided To You Medico Slides
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