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Unit 08 animal diversity
- 1. STS Biology Unit8 Animal Diversity
- 2. I. TaxonomyA. Definition - study and science of classification and naming of organisms B. Taxonomic groups 1. Kingdom - most diverse group, only a few basic similarities 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species - least diverse group, many specific shared characteristics King Philip Came Over From Geneva Switzerland
- 3. Section 18-1 FlowchartGrizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Section 18-1
- 4. I. TaxonomyC. Evolutionary Relationships Biochemical similarities DNA analysis places organisms with similar DNA sequence within the same groups D. Naming System 1. Binomial nomenclature - 2 names comprised of genus and species 2. Names are in Latin (Why?) 3. Examples Rana clamitans , Quercus alba, Homo sapiens 4. Developed by Carolus Linnaeus
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- 6. II. 6Kingdoms A. Monera - prokaryotic cells 1. Used to be one kingdom, now it is split into 2 separate kingdoms 1. Archaebacteria Single-celled, prokaryotic, cell walls w/o peptidoglycan Live in harsh environments - hot springs, thermovents Methanobacterium, Thermoplasma 2. Eubacteria Single-celled, prokaryotic, cell walls w/ peptidoglycan Most bacteria E.coli, Streptococcus
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- 8. II. 6Kingdoms C. Protista Most are unicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic or autotrophic Paramecium, amoeba, algae, euglena D. Fungi Unicellular or multicellular, eukaryotic, cell walls of chitin, decomposers Yeast, mushrooms, mold E. Plantae Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic, cell wall of cellulose Mosses, ferns, flowering plants, pine trees, oak trees F. Animalia Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, no cell walls, Invertebrates, birds, mammals, reptiles, sponges
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- 10. II. Three DomainSystem Larger, more inclusive than Kingdom, recent addition to taxonomic structure Based on comparing rRNA subunits Include: Domain Bacteria Unicellular, prokaryotic, corresponds to Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Archaea Unicellular, prokaryotic, corresponds to Kingdom Archaebacteria Domain Eukaraya Consists of all organisms that have a nucleus, includes Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
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- 12. III. InvertebratePhyla A. Porifera = pore-bearing Free-swimming larva (juvenile) form and sessile (attached) adults Aquatic - mostly marine, some freshwater Regeneration Filter feeders - draw in water and trap food particles Example = sponges B. Cnadaria = stinging-celled animals Two forms Polyps - sessile Medusa - free floating Examples = coral, jellyfish, Hydra
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- 16. III. InvertebratePhyla C. Platyhelminthes = flatworms Can be free-living or parasitic Flattened bodies Regeneration Examples - Planaria , tapeworms, liver flukes D. Nematoda - round worms Non segmented Some free-living, some parasitic Examples - heartworm
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- 19. III. InvertebratePhyla E. Annelida - segmented worms Segmented bodies Closed circulatory system - has capillaries connecting arteries and veins Partial regeneration Examples - sandworms, earthworms F. Mollusca Soft bodied animals with a hard shell (sometimes absent) Some are filter feeders - clams Some are fierce predators - squid, octopus Examples - snail, clam, squid, octopus
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- 22. III. InvertebratePhyla G. Echinodermata - spiny-skinned animals Radial symmetry - arranged in multiples of 5’s Regeneration of body parts Mostly marine Examples - sea stars, sea urchins H. Arthropoda - jointed leg animals Largest group of living things ( Almost 75% of all species ) Highly developed animals Wings Sense organs - compound eyes, antennae, tympanum (ears) Make sounds Widely adapted to all habitats
- 23. Section 28-3 Insects(73%) Noninsect arthropods (12%) Nonarthropod invertebrates (11%) Vertebrates (4%) Insect Diversity
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- 25. Section 26-1 RadialSymmetry Bilateral Symmetry Planes of symmetry Plane of symmetry Ventral side Dorsal side Posterior end Anterior end Body Symmetry
- 26. III. InvertebratePhyla H. Arthropoda - jointed leg animals (continued) Classes Insecta = insects Arachnida = spiders, ticks, scorpions Crustacea = crayfish, lobsters, crabs Myriapoda = centipedes, millipedes
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- 29. IV. PhylogeneticTree A. Definition - a diagram that displays the evolutionary relationships between different phyla of organisms B. Examples of relationships Body plan - presence and type of body cavity Acoelomate - no body cavities Pseudocoelomate - cavity but no endodermal lining Coelomate - true body cavity (lined with endodermal tissue) Digestive opening Protostomes - mouth develops first Deuterostomes - anus develops first
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- 31. V. ChordatesA. Characteristics Notochord - internal rigid structure that runs down the dorsal side of the animal Pharyngeal Gill Slits - sometime during development the animal possesses slits around the neck region Dorsal nerve cord - major nerve cord that travels along the dorsal side B. Evolutionary Significance Very active animals Advanced structures for breathing (gills, lungs), closed circulatory systems, endoskeletons, switch from ectothermic to endothermic
- 32. Section 30-1 TheGeneralized Structure of a Chordate Muscle Tail Anus Pharyngeal pouches Mouth Dorsal nerve cord Notochord
- 33. V. ChordatesC. Vertebrate Classes 1. Jawless Fish (Cephalaspidomorphi - lampreys ; Myxini = hagfish ) Mouths w/o true jaws Eel-like bodies No scales 2. Chondricthyes (cartilaginous fish = sharks, rays , skates) True jaw Endoskeleton of cartilage Gill slits Small scales w/ spines
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- 36. V. ChordatesC. Vertebrate Classes 3. Osteicthyes ( bony fish = perch, tuna, bass, eels, sea horse) Bony endoskeleton Swim bladder Gill cover (operculum) 4. Amphibia (amphibians = frogs, salamanders, newts, toads) Juveniles develop in water (not all) - possess gills Moist skin Aquatic or terrestrial Terrestrial forms use lungs, skin and/or lining of mouth
- 37. Section 30-3 AdultFrog Young Frog Fertilized Eggs Tadpoles Adults are typically ready to breed in about one to two years. Frog eggs are laid in water and undergo external fertilization. The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later. Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults. The Life Cycle of a Frog
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- 40. V. Chordates5. Reptilia ( reptiles = snakes, turtles, lizards, alligators) Mostly terrestrial (some marine) Dry scale-covered skin Claws 6. Aves (birds) Feathered bodies Lungs Scales on legs and feet Wings (most can fly) 7. Mammalia ( mammals ) Fat under the skin Hair covered bodies Mammary glands Lungs
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- 45. VI. Trendsin Vertebrate Evolution A. Respiration Gills in aquatic organisms Swim bladder believed to be the original lung Lungs in terrestrial animals Birds have a double air circulation B. Circulation Fish have a 2 chambered heart with a single loop 2 chambers = ventricle and atrium Heart to gills to body to heart Amphibians/Reptiles have a 3 chambered heart with a double loop (second loop is needed for lungs) 2 atria and 1 ventricle Heart to lungs to heart to body to heart Birds/mammals 2 atria and 2 ventricles = true double loop pathway
- 46. Section 33-3 Double-LoopCirculatory System Single-Loop Circulatory System FISHES MOST REPTILES CROCODILIANS, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS The Circulatory Systems of Vertebrates
- 47. Salamander Lizard PigeonPrimate Nostrils, mouth, and throat Trachea Lung Air sac Vertebrate Lungs
- 48. VI. Trendsin Vertebrate Evolution C. Reproductive Structures Shift from external fertilization (fish / amphibians) to internal Cloaca = urogenital opening Oviparous - egg laying, hatches outside of body (ovi = egg) Viviparous - “live” birth, nourished w/in body Ovoviviparous - egg hatches w/in body and young crawl out D. Brain Structure Trend (fish to mammals) from well developed sense of smell to cerebral development Cerebellum becomes more well developed
- 49. VI. Trendsin Vertebrate Evolution E. Digestive System The longer or more complicated the system the longer it has for digestion
- 50. Section 33-3 EsophagusStomach Intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Cloaca Crop Gizzard Cecum Rectum Shark Salamander Lizard Pigeon Cow The Digestive Systems of Vertebrates
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