Download as PDF, PPTX
![Austria accused Serbia à Ultimatum (impossible to meet)
Serbia could not accept the ultimatum à Declaration of war on Serbia (28th July)
“The history of recent years, and in particular the painful events of the 28th of June last, have shown
the existence of a subversive movement with the object of detaching a part of the territories of Austria-
Hungary from the Monarchy. The movement, which had its birth under the eye of the Serbian
Government, has made itself manifest on both sides of the Serbian frontier in acts of terrorism,
outrages and murders.[…]
This culpable tolerance of the Royal Serbian Government had not ceased at the moment when the
events of the 28th of June last proved its fatal consequences to the whole world.
[…] The Royal Serbian Government shall further undertake:
[…] (3) To eliminate without delay from public instruction in Serbia, both as regards the teaching body
and also as regards the methods of instruction, everything that serves, or might serve, to foment the
propaganda against Austria-Hungary;
(4) To remove from the military service, and from the administration in general, all officers and
functionaries guilty of propaganda against the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy whose names and deeds
the Austro-Hungarian Government reserve to themselves the right of communicating to the Royal
Government;
(5) To accept the collaboration in Serbia of representatives of the Austro-Hungarian Government for
the suppression of the subversive movement directed against the territorial integrity of the Monarchy;”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-theconflictivebeginningofthe20thcentury-240910094252-eaac2c07/75/Unit-1-The-conflictive-beginning-of-the-20th-century-The-first-World-War-PPT-pdf-11-2048.jpg)
![A witness tells: ...We all carried the smell of
dead bodies with us. The bread we ate, the
stagnant water we drank… Everything we
touched smelled of decomposition due to
the fact that the earth surrounding us was
packed with dead bodies....
"From that moment all my religion died,
after that journey all my teaching and belief
in God had left me - never to return."
A French Lieutenant reports: ...Firstly,
companies of skeletons passed, sometimes
commanded by a wounded officer, leaning
on a stick. All marched, or rather: moved
forwards with tiny steps, zigzagging as if
drugged. […] It seemed as if these
speechless faces cried over something
appalling: the unbelievable horrors of their
martyrdom....](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-theconflictivebeginningofthe20thcentury-240910094252-eaac2c07/75/Unit-1-The-conflictive-beginning-of-the-20th-century-The-first-World-War-PPT-pdf-23-2048.jpg)
![1) In our attitude towards the war, which under the new [provisional]
government of Lvov and Co. unquestionably remains on Russia’s part a
predatory imperialist war owing to the capitalist nature of that government,
not the slightest concession to “revolutionary defencism” is permissible. […]
2) The specific feature of the present situation in Russia is that the country
is passing from the first stage of the revolution—which, owing to the
insufficient class-consciousness and organisation of the proletariat, placed
power in the hands of the bourgeoisie—to its second stage, which must
place power in the hands of the proletariat and the poorest sections of the
peasants. […]
5) Not a parliamentary republic—to return to a parliamentary republic from the
Soviets of Workers’ Deputies would be a retrograde step—but a republic of
Soviets of Workers’, Agricultural Labourers’ and Peasants’ Deputies
throughout the country, from top to bottom.
Abolition of the police, the army and the bureaucracy.
8) It is not our immediate task to “introduce” socialism, but only to bring social
production and the distribution of products at once under the control of the
Soviets of Workers’ Deputies. April Theses. Lenin](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-theconflictivebeginningofthe20thcentury-240910094252-eaac2c07/75/Unit-1-The-conflictive-beginning-of-the-20th-century-The-first-World-War-PPT-pdf-56-2048.jpg)
![Elections in November 1917 à 25 % for Bolsheviks è Lenin dissolved the Assembly (fear
of counter-revolutionaries) è End of political pluralism.
"[Because] the proletariat is still so divided,
so degraded, so corrupted in parts ... that
an organization taking in the whole
proletariat cannot directly exercise
proletarian dictatorship. It can be exercised
only by a vanguard that has absorbed the
revolutionary energy of the class.“
V. Lenin](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-theconflictivebeginningofthe20thcentury-240910094252-eaac2c07/75/Unit-1-The-conflictive-beginning-of-the-20th-century-The-first-World-War-PPT-pdf-61-2048.jpg)
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Similar to Unit 1 - The conflictive beginning of the 20th century. The first World War (PPT).pdf
Unit 1 - The conflictive beginning of the 20th century. The first World War (PPT).pdf
- 1. UNIT 1 THE CONFLICTIVEBEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY. THE FIRST WORLD WAR
- 2. 1.THE FIRST WORLDWAR: MAIN CAUSES 2.THE FIRST WORLD WAR: OUTBREAK AND PHASES 3.THE FIRST WORLD WAR: PEACE AND CONSEQUENCES 4.RUSSIA: FROM THE TSAR TO THE USSR
- 3. 1. THE FIRSTWORLD WAR: MAIN CAUSES Constitutional and parliamentary political systems: separation of powers, parliaments, individual and collective rights, political plurality, etc. • England and France: greater democracy. • Greater suffrage. • Social laws (education, labour, etc.). • German Empire: constitutional, but Kaiser as authoritarian ruler. • Universal suffrage. • Social protection (education, pensions, etc). • Southern Europe (ESP, ITA, POR) à Greater difficulties because of weak economies. • Electoral fraud, despotism, etc.
- 4. Authoritarian regimes: stillbehind regarding the application of liberal measures, and even close to the Ancien Régime. • Astro-Hungarian Empire: • Some reforms, but the emperor held enormous power. • Secessionist movements within the empire. • Russian Empire: • Absolute power of the Tsars. • Block of reforms. • Turkish Empire: • Began to break up. Nationalist movement. • Sultan forced to several reforms, but stopped by WWI.
- 5. 1. The ArmedPeace 1870-1914 → Not open war, but growing tensions and great efforts to manufacturing weapons and the military structure in Europe.
- 6. Causes 1. Diplomatic conflictsand territorial rivalries since the Franco-Prussian War (1870): a) System of allegiances and the formation of blocks b) Recovery of Alsace and Lorraine by France c) Distribution of power in the Balkans (Austria and Russia wanted a growing influence in the region, as well as Serbia, annexation of Bosnia by Austria- Hungary in 1908, Balkan Wars (1912-13), etc. 2. Economic competition. 3. International policy and colonial clashes: control of certain colonies overseas (ie. FR and GER for Morocco) 4. Growth of nationalisms. These reinforced the creation of the international blocs and presented an unavoidable conflict between them.
- 7. Balance of powerin Europe à Changed after the unification of Germany and Italy. Germany: Realpolitik with Bismarck; Weltpolitik (world dominance) later → Political and military allegiances. 2. The German Empire and the creation of two confronted blocs
- 8. BISMARCKIAN ALLEGIANCE SYSTEM(1871-90) • Kaiser Wilhelm I, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. • system of allegiances for maintaining peace in Europe, benefiting all the great powers and protecting Germany (allowing it to strengthen). It needed to isolate France. • Three Emperors (1871-8): Russia, Austria and Germany. Ended because of rivalries in the Balkans (Russia Vs Turkish, but Austria had interests in the area).
- 9. WELTPOLITIK (1890-14). Kaiser WilhemII → Expansionism in Europe and colonies. Bismarck stepped down. Rupture of relations with the Russian Empire. Formation of blocks towards WWI. - Triple Entente (1907): Russian Empire, France, United Kingdom. Franco-Russian Allegiance (1894). - Triple Allegiance: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. Changed during the war: Italy neutral, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria important.
- 10. 28th June 1914à Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist (Gavrilo Princip). 2. THE FIRST WORLD WAR: OUTBREAK AND PHASES 1. The spark of War and the beginning of the conflict
- 11. Austria accused Serbiaà Ultimatum (impossible to meet) Serbia could not accept the ultimatum à Declaration of war on Serbia (28th July) “The history of recent years, and in particular the painful events of the 28th of June last, have shown the existence of a subversive movement with the object of detaching a part of the territories of Austria- Hungary from the Monarchy. The movement, which had its birth under the eye of the Serbian Government, has made itself manifest on both sides of the Serbian frontier in acts of terrorism, outrages and murders.[…] This culpable tolerance of the Royal Serbian Government had not ceased at the moment when the events of the 28th of June last proved its fatal consequences to the whole world. […] The Royal Serbian Government shall further undertake: […] (3) To eliminate without delay from public instruction in Serbia, both as regards the teaching body and also as regards the methods of instruction, everything that serves, or might serve, to foment the propaganda against Austria-Hungary; (4) To remove from the military service, and from the administration in general, all officers and functionaries guilty of propaganda against the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy whose names and deeds the Austro-Hungarian Government reserve to themselves the right of communicating to the Royal Government; (5) To accept the collaboration in Serbia of representatives of the Austro-Hungarian Government for the suppression of the subversive movement directed against the territorial integrity of the Monarchy;”
- 12. Russia declared thewar Vs Austria for protecting Serbia, Germany on Russia and France, Britain on Germany and Austria because of the German invasion of Belgium, etc. è The whole system of allegiances of the Armed Peace came into action.
- 13. The outbreak ofthe conflict presented a war never seen before. Unprecedented territorial extension, forms of combat, offensive weapons (machine guns, flame throwers, toxic gases, mines, tanks, airplanes, submarines, etc.). Unseen consequences and transformations during and after the war. During the war: war industry as main priority, huge numbers of young men to the front, women to required economic sectors, intervention of governments in the economy (rationing, trying to control high prices and the black market. 2. The Great War or World War
- 14.
- 16. PHASES OF THEGREAT WAR (1914-18) War of Movements Trench warfare Crisis of 1917 and end of the war.
- 18. Germany: Schlieffen Plan→ Flash victory over France so they could move all their troops to the East and defeat Russia. Crossed Belgium and Luxembourg, but stopped near Paris (Battle of the Marne) thanks to the British help to the French. • Russia attacked the Eastern German boundaries, and were defeated. But German army divided. • Balkans à Austria was stopped against Serbia. 3. The War of Movements (1914)
- 20. 4. Trench Warfare(1915-16) Defensive positions → Fixed fronts from Switzerland to the North Sea è Very little advances, very high casualties (introduction of chemical weapons).
- 22. Large war massacres:Battles of Verdun and Somme. 1916 (Feb-Dec) à Battle of Verdun. Germans offensive trying to break the French front à Germany unsuccessful. 1916 (Jul-Nov) à Battle of the Somme. British and French attacked German lines (also for reducing pressure on Verdun) à 1 million dead. During this phase, the war became global and was waged by land, sea, and air.
- 23. A witness tells:...We all carried the smell of dead bodies with us. The bread we ate, the stagnant water we drank… Everything we touched smelled of decomposition due to the fact that the earth surrounding us was packed with dead bodies.... "From that moment all my religion died, after that journey all my teaching and belief in God had left me - never to return." A French Lieutenant reports: ...Firstly, companies of skeletons passed, sometimes commanded by a wounded officer, leaning on a stick. All marched, or rather: moved forwards with tiny steps, zigzagging as if drugged. […] It seemed as if these speechless faces cried over something appalling: the unbelievable horrors of their martyrdom....
- 24. • 1917 àBolshevik Revolution in Russia è Withdrawal from the war and renounce over territories (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918) è Germany stronger because closure of one front. • 1917 à United States enters in the war. 5. The 1917 Crisis and the End of the War (1917-18)
- 25. • 1918 àDefeat of Austria in the Eastern front. Armistice of Austria-Hungary and Turkish Empire. • German defeats in the Western front à Revolts of German soldiers, internal problems è Armistice: 11th November, 1918. Abdication of Wilhelm II è Weimar Republic.
- 26. 3. THE FIRSTWORLD WAR: PEACE AND CONSEQUENCES Armistice: 11th November, 1918 Paris Peace Conference (1919-20): peace terms, war reparations, new map of Europe, conditions over the defeated, etc. USA: Wilson’s 14 points à Not revenge. Desire of peace. Several treaties: Treaty of Saint Germain with Austria, Treaty of Trianon with Hungary, Treaty of Neully with Bulgaria, and Treaty of Sèvres with the Ottoman Empire. 1. The Paris Peace Conference Prime Minister David Lloyd George (Great Britain), Premier Vittorio Orlando (Italy), Premier Georges Clemenceau (France), President Woodrow Wilson (United States)
- 28. TREATY OF VERSAILLES: WithGermany. • France (supported by European powers): large compensations from the Germans. • Final decisions about Germany: § Total blame for starting the war. § Huge war compensations. § Dismantling the army. § Give up their colonies. § Alsace and Lorraine à Back to France.
- 29. Humiliation for theGermans è Paved the way to increasing nationalism and future revenge.
- 31. 2. The consequencesof the War
- 32. THE NEW MAPOF EUROPE
- 33.
- 34. Turkish Empire • Reducedto modern-day Turkey. • Parts to Greece. • Establishment of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine.
- 35. Austria-Hungary à Disintegration. Austria: lost possessionsand became a republic. Hungary: independent state. Part to Czechoslovakia.
- 36. Balkans à Serbiahead of Yugoslavia (Serbia + Slovenia + Croatia + Bosnia).
- 37. Poland and Romaniaà For isolating Soviet Russia. Territories Russia ceded in the Brest- Litovsk Treaty à Independent. Finland, Baltic republics.
- 38. Material losses onlyin the western front SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES • More than 10 million soldiers. • Millions of wounded and mutilated. • Millions of civilian casualties. • Effect on the birth rates and available workforce.
- 40. ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES Impoverished nations→ Destruction of cities and towns, crops, industries, etc. Debt → More difficult for the nations to recover → Inflation. Neutral countries (SPA, ARG, BRA) → Benefited → Raw materials and food to the warring nations during the war.
- 41. USA Consolidation of power.Industrial rise. Loaned countries. Due to the material losses and loans given by the USA during the war, most European countries experienced critical problems and were forced to link their economy to the USA, which became the main economic power.
- 42. LEAGUE OF NATIONS Predecessorof the United Nations. Headquarters in Geneva. For guaranteeing peace and cooperation. Failed: • US was not part • USSR excluded • GER and ITA left.
- 44. 4. RUSSIA: FROMTHE TSAR TO THE USSR 1. Russia before the Revolution: the Russian Empire Pre-revolutionary Russia (Early 20th century): • Political situation: autocratic regime. • Supported by local bureaucracy, a powerful army and the Orthodox Church. • Absolute power of the Tsar.
- 45. Pre-revolutionary Russia (Early20th century): • Agricultural base of economy. • Large landowners, poor peasants. Semi-feudal regime. • Lack of industrial development (late 19th, St Petersburg and Moscow). Little railway and heavy industries. • Social characteristics: • One of the least developed and poorest in all Europe. • Peasants and factory workers suffered hard working conditions, low wages, long working days, and paid high taxes.
- 46. Pre-revolutionary Russia (Early20th century): Political parties: - Kadet (Democratic Constitutional Party). Bourgeois liberalism. - Esers (Social-Revolutionary Party). Peasant revolution. - Russian Social Democratic Party. Marxist and working-class militants. - 1912: Mensheviks à Moderate. Allegiance with Kadet for overthrowing the Tsar. - Bolsheviks à Revolutionary.
- 47. Early 20th century:the tsar (Nicholas II Romanov, since 1894) started losing power: 1. Social dissatisfaction: high taxes, scarce rights and periodic shortages of food. 2. Colonial defeats: in 1905 the Russian Empire was defeated by Japan, what was interpreted as an international humiliation. 3. The appearance of political parties and proletariat organizations, which were severely repressed. 2. The causes of the Revolution and first attempt
- 48. THE 1905 REVOLUTION §1905 à Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War è Revolts à Harsh repression (Bloody Sunday in St Petersburg, Odessa, etc.)
- 49.
- 50. § Workers, peasantsand soldiers organised in Soviets (councils) è Strikes and demonstrations § Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, divided into the Mensheviks (moderate socialists) and the Bolsheviks (radical Marxists) gained more importance. § 1906 à Tsar agreed to elections by universal suffrage (Duma) and an agricultural reform. § Never fulfilled. Autocracy reinstalled.
- 51. First World War→ Scarcity, discontent, etc. Also, military defeats è Discontent è February Revolution (Julian Calendar. March in Gregorian Calendar) 23rd February (7th March), 1917 à • Huge demonstration in Petrograd (St. Petersburg), general strike and riots in military barracks. • Soviets by workers, soldiers and peasants demanding better working conditions, higher salaries, political reforms and the withdrawal from the war. 3. The bourgeois revolution of February 1917
- 52. The February 1917revolution...grew out of prewar political and economic instability, technological backwardness, and fundamental social divisions, coupled with gross mismanagement of the war effort, continuing military defeats, domestic economic dislocation, and outrageous scandals surrounding the monarchy (Alexander Rabinowitch).
- 53. The situation escalatedà End of Tsarism: abdication of Nicholas II in March. Creation of a Republic (power between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet).
- 54. Menshevik control ofthe provisional government (Lvov and Kerensky) à Moves towards a parliamentary democracy (constitutive elections), political and social reforms. But still in WWI. Slow progress + war + poverty è Popular discontent. 4. The provisional government
- 55. Bolsheviks à Wantedno participation in WWI è Demanded resignation of the government. Vladímir Ilich Uliánov, Lenin à April Theses • All power to the soviets (as supreme political power). • Communist ideas. • Peace with Germany. • Land to the peasants.
- 56. 1) In ourattitude towards the war, which under the new [provisional] government of Lvov and Co. unquestionably remains on Russia’s part a predatory imperialist war owing to the capitalist nature of that government, not the slightest concession to “revolutionary defencism” is permissible. […] 2) The specific feature of the present situation in Russia is that the country is passing from the first stage of the revolution—which, owing to the insufficient class-consciousness and organisation of the proletariat, placed power in the hands of the bourgeoisie—to its second stage, which must place power in the hands of the proletariat and the poorest sections of the peasants. […] 5) Not a parliamentary republic—to return to a parliamentary republic from the Soviets of Workers’ Deputies would be a retrograde step—but a republic of Soviets of Workers’, Agricultural Labourers’ and Peasants’ Deputies throughout the country, from top to bottom. Abolition of the police, the army and the bureaucracy. 8) It is not our immediate task to “introduce” socialism, but only to bring social production and the distribution of products at once under the control of the Soviets of Workers’ Deputies. April Theses. Lenin
- 57. 5. The OctoberRevolution 25th October, 1917 (7th November) è Bolshevik (with soviets and Red Guards) uprising in Petrograd à Kerensky overthrown. Assault of the Winter Palace. Quickly spread.
- 59. New government àLenin (workers’ government) è Revolutionary measures: • expropriation of land and division among the peasants. • factories taken over by workers’ committees. • Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918). • creation of the Comitern (Third International) to coordinate communist parties globally. • New Economic Policy (NEP): gave the state control of the most important sectors, but admitted some capitalist practices, such as national trading and small land properties.
- 60. “The most equitablesettlement of the land question is to be as follows: (1) Private ownership of land shall be abolished forever; land shall not be sold, purchased, leased, mortgaged, or otherwise alienated. All land, whether state, crown, monastery, church, factory, entailed, private, public, peasant, etc., shall be confiscated without compensation and become the property of the whole people, and pass into the use of all those who cultivate it. (2) All mineral wealth, ore, oil, coal, salt, etc., and also all forests and waters of state importance, shall pass into the exclusive use of the state. All the small streams, lakes, woods, etc., shall pass into the use of the communes, to be administered by the local self-government bodies. (6) The right to use the land shall be accorded to all citizens of the Russian state (without distinction of sex) desiring to cultivate it by their own labour, with the help of their families, or in partnership, but only as long as they are able to cultivate it. The employment of hired labour is not permitted. (8) All land, when alienated, shall become part of the national land fund.” Lenin. Decree on Land.
- 61. Elections in November1917 à 25 % for Bolsheviks è Lenin dissolved the Assembly (fear of counter-revolutionaries) è End of political pluralism. "[Because] the proletariat is still so divided, so degraded, so corrupted in parts ... that an organization taking in the whole proletariat cannot directly exercise proletarian dictatorship. It can be exercised only by a vanguard that has absorbed the revolutionary energy of the class.“ V. Lenin
- 62. TSARISTS AND LIBERALS WHITEARMY BOLSHEVIKS RED ARMY (led by Trostky) Early 1918 Rebellion Vs Soviet gov. 6. The Civil War (1918-21)
- 63. Civil War àMisery, food shortages, political reprisals, etc. War communism à Collectivisations, nationalisations, harvests to the State. Summer 1918 à Romanov family executed.
- 64. 1921 à RedArmy defeats the White Army è Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in power à Prosecution of political rivals, repression of counter-revolutionary activities (Cheka).