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Unit 10 social organization and social system
- 1. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND SOCIALSYSTEM UNIT : 10 SOCIOLOGY -DIVYAGNI SONI
- 2. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: • Itmeans a set of differentiated activities serving a common purpose and so correlated that effectiveness of each is increased by its relation to the rest. • Organization refers to “the way people relate themselves to one another.” • Definition: • “Social organization is a state of being , a condition in which the various institutions in a society are functioning in accordance with their recognized or implied purposes.” • Thus family, church, temple, college, factory, a play group, a political party, a community all are examples of an social organization.
- 3. TYPES OF SOCIALORGANIZATION: All these organizations are called social organization which needed for the smooth running of any society. • Political organization: Government • Economic organization: Factory • Religious organization: Church • Financial organization: Bank • Educational organization: school and colleges
- 4. ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: •A Goal: • The member of an organization are inter-related to each other for the pursuit of a common goal. • Preparedness to accept one’s role and status: • Organization is an arrangement of people and parts. • By arrangement is meant that every member of the organization has an assigned role, a position and status. • Common norms: • Every organization has its own rules and regulation which control its members. • An organization can function smoothly if its members follow the organization norms.
- 5. ELEMENTS OF SOCIALORGANIZATION: • Sanctions: • If a member does not follow the norms he is compelled to follow them through sanctions (conditions) which may range from warning to physical punishment. e.g. expelled, dismissed.
- 6. TYPES OF SOCIALORGANIZATION: Democratic participation Authoritarian Voluntary association
- 7. Democratic participation: • Ademocratic participation usually consult with subordinates on planned actions, decisions and participations from them. • Democratic participation includes Participative leaders who encourage group members to participate. Group members feel engaged in the process and are more motivated and creative. • Democratic leaders offer guidance to group members, but they also participate in the group and allow input from other group members.
- 8. Authoritarian: • This typeof participation is based on the use of coercive power. • Authoritarian participation induced greater dependency on the leader, low frequencies of suggestions for group action and group policy, dissatisfaction with group and high quantity but low quality of productivity. • Authoritarian leaders make decisions independently with little or no input from the rest of the group.
- 9. Voluntary association: • DavidL Sills – “Voluntary organization is a group of persons organized on the basis of voluntary membership without state control for the furtherance of some common interests of its members”. • A voluntary association or union is a group of individuals who voluntarily enter into an agreement to form a body (or organization) to work together for a purpose. Which perform varied functions for the welfare, integration and solidarity of the society. • Article 19 (1) (c) of the constitution of India confers on the Indian citizens the ‘right to form association’.
- 10. Characteristics of voluntary association: • It is registered under some Act for legal status. • It has definite aims and objectives and programmes for fulfillment and achievement. • It has an administrative structure. • It is initiated and governed by its own members. • It raises funds from the contributions or subscription from the members of the local community and/or the beneficiaries of the programmes.
- 11. SOCIAL SYSTEM: • Itis an organization where orderly and systematic arrangement of social interaction and consists of a network of interactive relationships. • The people will interact with each other according to shared cultural norms and meanings. • Each and every individual has a role to play which influences the behavior of others. • The behavior of group and people in society is controlled by social institution.
- 12. • Each andevery social systems` interaction and interrelationships with each other creates a patterns which is called “Social system”. • Definitions: • “Social system means a network of interactive relationships.” • Loomis – “Social system is constituted of a plurality of individual interacting with each other according to shared cultural norms and meaning”.
- 13. Elements of socialsystem: • Belief and knowledge • Sentiment • Goal and objective • Norms • Status • Role • Rank • Power • Sanction • Facility
- 14. Elements of socialsystem: Belief and knowledge: Any proposition about any aspects of the universe that is accepted as true. It may be true or false, verifiable or not, but the people considers it as true. It furnishes the cognitive basis for social action.
- 15. Elements of socialsystem: Sentiments: It represents what we feel about a particular stimulus. It is articulated in the internal patter of the social system, results from interaction. These are acquired as a product of experience and cultural conditions.
- 16. Elements of socialsystem: Goal and objectives: Members in the social system will expects to accomplish particular goal through appropriate interaction. Norms: Standards to determine right or wrong appropriate on inappropriate , good or bad in social relationships.
- 17. Elements of socialsystem: • Rank: The importance of the individual has for the system in which the rank is accorded. • Power: It is the capacity to control others and exhibits authority. • Sanctions: The society will rewarded or punish the individual depending on the efficiency of their work performance. • Facility: It is a mean used to attain ends within the system to enable the individuals to perform functions and their roles efficiently.
- 18. Elements of socialsystem: • Status: • Status is the position which an individual has in society. • In social system each individual has a status. • The element of status is found in every social system. • Ex, In the family there are statuses of father, mother, son, • daughter, etc….likewise there are statuses in a club, school, union or factory.
- 19. Status: •Definition: • Secord andBukman – “Status is the worth of a person as estimated by a group or a class of persons”. • Ogburn and Nimkoff – “Status is the rank-order position assigned by a group to a role or set of roles”. • Mazumdar – “Status means the location of the individual within the group, his place in the social network of reciprocal obligations and privileges, rights and duties”.
- 20. Types of Status: •Ascribed status: • It is one which an individual gets at his birth. • It is conferred to him by his group or society. • It may be based on sex, age, caste or colour. • Achieved status: • It is one which an individual achieves by his efforts. • A man born in a low caste may, be his efforts, become the Prime Minister and achieve thereby a high status.
- 21. Elements of socialsystem: ROLE: • Definitions: • Lundberg – “is a pattern of behaviour expected of an individual in a certain group or situation”. • Davis – “Role is the manner in which a person actually carries out the requirements of his position”.
- 22. ROLE: • Individuals differnot only in such attributes of sex, colour, height, age etc., but also differ in behaviour of their occupations. • Some persons are professors, physicians, labourers, scientists, soldiers etc., • It is an expected behavior in a given individual for social status and social position. • Role refers to the obligations which an individual has towards his group. • Role is the function of particular individual in a particular field.
- 23. Characteristics of socialsystem: • Social system is based on social interactions: • When a number of individuals act and interact their interactions produce a system, which is called as ‘ social system‘. An individual alone cannot produce it, he has to interact with numbers of individual then only social system is formed . • The interaction should be meaningful: • It is an orderly arrangement of the various expressions of social relationships. They find expression in tradition, customs, mores, laws and in institutions. Aimless and meaningless interactions do not produce social system.
- 24. Characteristics of socialsystem: • Social system is a unity: • Where the various parts/ subsystems are arranged in an integrated manner and constitute a social style. It implies order among the interacting units of the system. • The parts of social system are related on the basis of functional relationship: • Each system has its assigned role and performs it in accordance with united to the each other. It is an arrangement of interdependent interactive parts based on functional relationship.
- 25. Characteristics of socialsystem: • Social system has environmental aspects: • Social system changes with the change in time. This change does not disturb the social equilibrium , but may be disturb for some time. In spite of social changes social system continues to exist. • Social system has the quality of self-adjustment . • It is the system of interdependent action consist of mechanisms of socialization and social control.
- 26. Classification of SocialSystems: The following are the important classifications of social systems: • (1) Classification by Morgan and other Evolutionists • (2) Durkheim’s Classification • (3) Sorokin’s Classification
- 27. (1) Classification byMorgan and other Evolutionists: • Morgan and other evolutionists have presented a classification of social systems on the basis of evolution. According to them, society or social system has passed through three stages: • (i) Savagery social system, • (ii) Barbarian social system, and • (iii) Civilized social system. • They have also classified social systems on the basis of means of livelihood. Thus these social systems have been • (i) Hunting social system, • (ii) Pastoral social system, • (iii) Agricultural social system, and • (iv) Industrial social system.
- 28. (2) Durkheim’s Classification: •Durkheim has described two kinds of social systems • (i) Mechanical social system: Mechanical solidarity is the social integration of members of a society who have common values and beliefs. These common values and beliefs constitute a “collective conscience” that works internally in individual members to cause them to cooperate. • (ii) Organic social system: It is social integration that arises out of the need of individuals for one another’s services. Society relies less on imposing uniform rules on everyone and more on regulating the relations between different groups and persons, often through the greater use of contracts and laws. • The ancient societies had mechanical system whereas in modern societies we find organic social system.
- 29. (3) Sorokin’s Classification: •Sorokin has classified the cultural systems. According to him, there are three kinds of cultural systems • (i) Sensate, • (ii) Ideational, and • (iii) Idealistic. • Under sensate cultural system material happiness is given primary importance whereas under ideational system spiritual happiness is regarded more important. In idealistic cultural system both the material happiness and spiritual happiness are given importance
- 30. Pre-Requisites of SocialSystem: • There are certain pre-requisites of a harmonious and active social system. It need no emphasis that there should be harmony in a social system. A tension ridden social system cannot function efficiently. Just as an organism can work as a healthy body only if there is no disorder in its parts, or there is no diseased part, similarly a social system can function efficiently only if there is order among its parts and these parts remain active. • The essential pre-requisites of a healthy social system can be classified into three kinds: • (1) Biological pre-requisites • (2) Functional pre-requisites, • (3) Cultural pre-requisites.
- 31. (1) Biological Pre-requisites: •These are the following: • (a) Adequate number of people and (b) A definite system of procreation. • There should be sufficient number of people in a social system so that it may function efficiently. But the number should not be too much. Overpopulation is an evil. The number of people in a social system should be neither too less nor too many. Moreover, a social system should ensure a definite system of procreation to maintain its continuity. There should not be an exceedingly high death rate.
- 32. (2) Functional Pre-requisites: Functionalpre-requisites are those pre-requisites which are concerned with the functions of the members of the social system. These are: • (a) Obedience to social norms: • Each social system has some norms of conduct. There can be no norm- less society. The norms are the socially approved ways of behaviour which the members of a social system are required to observe. If these are violated, social system cannot function efficiently. • (b) Mechanism of Social Control: • Since some individuals in society violate its norms, therefore, it is essential that requisite mechanisms be provided whereby the individuals may be compelled to observe these norms and the social system may function in a satisfactory manner. The mechanisms of social control may be formal and informal. • (c) Interest towards Positive Action: • The actors should willingly accept the social system. They should have no resentment against it. They should evince keen interest towards positive action
- 33. (3) Cultural Pre-requisites: •(a) Language: • The members of a social system should possess a meaningful language to communicate and express themselves. Without language no social system can operate. • (b) Symbols: • The symbols also have a significant place in social system. According to Piper, “A symbol is essentially a material object or process which stands for a meaning beyond bare sensation. It represents man’s supplement to animal response and signalizes his entrance to the space-less, transcendental world of meaning”. A symbol is an object representing an invisible and inaudible object, for example, God is represented by an idol. • The lion represents bravery, the fox represents cunningness. The tribes, clans and nations adopt symbols which have importance in their individual and social life. The flag is a symbol of the nation. A leaf, a flower, an animal can become a symbol of a social system. A symbol must not be arbitrary but must be natural, i.e., it must convey as well as illuminate the idea.
- 34. • (c) Systemof communication: • Lastly, every social system should have a system of communication. Social interaction acts through communication. The means of communication may be language, script, gesture, symbols, telephone etc.
- 35. Mechanisms of SocialSystem: • Social system is a system of interdependent action processes. Our knowledge of individuals informs us that there are tendencies in the individuals to alter established status of social system which disturb the stabilized or equilibrated interaction process. • It is, therefore, of utmost importance that requisite mechanisms be applied for maintaining the equilibrium between the various processes of social interaction so that the social system may function in a satisfactory manner. • These mechanisms have been classified by Parsons into two categories: • (i) Mechanisms of socialization, and • (ii) Mechanisms of social control.
- 36. Mechanisms of socialization: •Socialization is a process of learning whereby an individual acquires the requisite orientations for satisfactory functioning in a role. The process of Socialization develops a child into a functioning member of society. He adjusts himself with the social situations conforming with social norms, values and standards. But the process of socialization is not confined to the child alone. It goes on throughout life. • The case of socialization of the child is singled out because it is in childhood that the major value- orientation patterns are laid down which are not subject to drastic alteration during adult life. Socialization takes place through various motivational processes which may be called the mechanisms of socialization. Parsons has mentioned five mechanisms of socialization. These are re-enforcement extinction, inhibition, substitution, imitation and identification.
- 37. Mechanisms of socialcontrol • Social control consists of the mechanisms whereby the society moulds its members to conform to the approved pattern of social behaviour. It is evident that there are tendencies in the actor to deviate from the conformity with the normative standards. Such deviance may disintegrate the social system. Through the mechanisms of social control the actor is motivated to abandon his deviance and resume conformity.
- 38. • According toParsons, ‘The most fundamental mechanisms of social control are to be found in the normal processes of interaction in an institutionally integrated social system”. Thus institutionalization is one of the primary means of social control through which the different activities and relationships are co- ordinated to minimize conflicts on the social level. A proper institutionalization of ‘time schedule’ for different activities and of priorities can minimize source of serious potential conflict.
- 39. • Besides, inevery society there is a system of rewards for confirmative and punishments for deviant behaviour. In addition to this system, there are also unconscious mechanisms which counteract deviant behaviour. These may be divided into three classes : (a) those which tend to “nip in the bud” tendencies to development of compulsively deviant motivation before they reach the vicious circle stage, (b) those which insulate the bearers of such motivation from influence on others, and (c) the “secondary defences” which are able to reverse the vicious circle process.
- 40. Interrelation of institution: •A social structure is maintained by proper adjustment of relationships among the different institutions. • No institutions works in alone. • Religion, education, family, government and business all • interact on each other. • Thus education creates attitudes which influence the • acceptance or rejection of religious beliefs. • Business conditions may influence the family life. • Unemployment may determine the number of people who feel unable to marry. • Thus social institutions are closely related to each other. • The family is the center while education, religion, government and economics are the spokes of the wheel.
- 41. Interrelation of institution: •Breakdown of economic institutions may have radical effects upon political institutions. • Any change in an institution may led to a change in the other institutions. • No institution can avoid affecting other institutions or avoid being affected by others. • Ex, Within the past century, the shift from farm to nonfarm work has reduced the father's authority, reduced family size as children became an expense rather than an asset, and encouraged away-from-home employment of women. The night shift forces millions of workers ,to change their family-life routines. The watch- and-help system of job training on the farm is replaced by formal educational institutions Thus changes in one institution force in others. The urban family is a less satisfactory haven for the aged than the family farm used to be; the state responds with Social.