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unit 2.ppt english word structure and formation
- 1. UNIT 2: WORDSTRUCTURE AND FORMATION (6 periods) 2.1. Word structure 2.2. Word formation 2.3. Discussion
- 2. 2.1. Word structure •2.1.1.The word: • A word is an independent unit of a language, in which a given meaning is associated with a given sound complex. • For example: ‘’book, bookish, unlucky, go, eat, lexicology, white-wash, kiss- me- quick”….
- 3. 2.1.2.The morpheme • Amorpheme is the minimum meaningful language unit. But unlike a word, it is not independent. It occurs in speech just as a constituent part of words. • Eg: book+ -ish = bookish • un- + luck + -y = unlucky • These element are called ‘’morphemes”.
- 4. 2.1.3. The typesof morphemes and words: a, The types of morpheme: The root morpheme and the affixational morpheme. The root morpheme is a basic element of words. The root in English is very often homonymous with the word. It is one of the most typical features of the English language. Roots are called productive if they are capable of producing new words.
- 5. The root morpheme •Free root: they can function independently • Bound root: cannot function independently and have to be combined with other morphemes • Eg: - clude in ‘’ conclude, include, exclude” terr- in ‘’ terror, terrorize, terrific, terrible”…
- 6. The affixational morpheme: •It may be subdivided into : -Grammatical (inflectional) morpheme -Derivational morpheme: prefix and suffix
- 7. The grammatical morpheme •It is used to create different forms of the same word it carries the grammatical meaning only and is. Eg: -s in ‘’books” -ed in ‘’asked, studied”… • It is the system of grammatical forms characteristic of a word. Eg: girl, girl’s, girls, girls’ quick, quicker, quickest
- 8. The derivational morpheme •A suffix is a morpheme following the root and forming a new word. Eg : -er, -or, -tion, -ion… • A prefix is a morpheme standing before the root and modifying meaning. Eg : -un, -semi, -pro, -anti…
- 9. b, The typesof words • Three types: + Simple word + Derived word + Compound word
- 10. A simple word •Is one that only consists of a root morpheme. Eg : ‘’boy, girl, table, small, green, yellow, speak…”
- 11. A derived word( complex word- từ phức) • Is one that consists of a root and one or more affixes (derivational morphemes). Eg : teacher, amusing, interested, …
- 12. Compound word (từghép) • Is one that has at least two roots, with or without derivational morphemes. • Eg : blackboard, ladykiller, white-wash….
- 13. 2.2. Word- formation •Word- formation is a process of creating new words by means of existing elements and according to the patterns and rules of a given language.
- 14. Word- formation • Affixation •Compounding • Shortening • Conversion • Sound imitation • Back derivation (back formation) • Sound and stress interchange
- 15. Affixation • Affixation isthe formation of a new words with the help of affixes. • It consists of prefixes and suffixes. Therefore affixation is divided into prefixation and suffixation.
- 16. Prefixation • Prefixation: Prefixesmodify the lexical meaning of the root, therefore the simple word and its prefixed derivative usually belong to the same part of speech. • In general ,prefixes in English have three groups of meaning: (1) negative meaning, (2) denotes reversal or repetition of an action, (3) space and time relationship.
- 17. 1. Meaning: negation E.g.:un, dis-, non-, mis-, in-… Unlucky, dishonest, incorrect…. 2. Meaning: reversal or repetition E.g.: un-, dis-, re- Unlock, disconnect, retell… 3. Meaning: space and time relationship E.g.: pre-, post-, fore-, -over-, super- Prewar, postwar, foresee, oversleep….
- 18. Suffixation • Suffixation isa kind of word- formation when a new word is formed by adding a suffix to the root. • Suffixes fall into four groups: + Noun-suffixes: -er, -or, -ing, -tion, -ness, - ish, … + Adj- suffixes: -able, -ish, -ed, -less, -y… +Verb- suffixes: -ize, -en, -fy, …. +Adverb- suffixes: -ly, -ward(s), -wise,…
- 19. Origin of derivationalaffixes • Native and borrowed (foreign) affixes + Native affixes: un-, out-, under-, over-, mis-…Many of them were originally independent works but gradually lost their independence and became affixes. + Foreign affixes: English did not borrow them separately but together with words .Eg: station, aviation
- 20. Compounding • Compounding (orword- composition) is the building of a new word by joining two or more words. • It consists of at least two root morphemes: school- boy, goal- keeper…
- 21. Classification of compoundwords * According • To the meaning • To componential relationship • To the part of speech • To the compositional types
- 22. Classification according tothe meaning • Non-idiomatic compound: are those whose meanings are easily deduced from the meaning of the components: goal- keeper, salesgirl, kind- hearted, good-looking, man-made.. • Idiomatic compounds: are those whose meanings cannot be deduced because there is no relationship between the meanings of the components: monkey- business, blackleg, teach- in, lip- service..
- 23. Classification according tothe componential relationship • Coordinative compounds: are those whose components are both structurally and semantically independent: actor- manager, Anglo- Saxon, willy-nilly, fifty- fifty • Subordinative compounds: are those that are characterized by the domination of one component over the other. The first component is the determinant, the second component is often the structural centre: book- keeper, spaceship…
- 24. Classification according tothe part of speech: • Compound nouns: door- handle, lady- killer, blackboard • Compound adjectives: hot- tempered, easy- going, up- and – coming • Compound- verbs: white-wash, team- teach. • Compound-adverbs: self- confidently, herein • Compound- prepositions: onto, into.
- 25. Classification according tothe compositional types • Compound formed by just a position: i.e without connecting elements: backache, store- keeper, door-step, heart- broken • By morphological means: i.e with vowel or consonant as a linking element, statesman, spokesman, handicraft. • By syntactical means: i.e a group of words condensed into one word:-merry-go- round, cash- and- carry, up- to- date, up- and- up • By morphological and syntactical means: i.e phrases turned into compounds by means of suffixes: long-leg, teenager…
- 26. Shortening • Shortening isa very good way of building words in English • Types of shortening: abbreviation and blending
- 27. Abbreviation • Acronyms: arewords built from the initials of several words: BBC, VOA, UNESCO, VIP,UNO… • Clipping: (initial , final, initio- final, medial, elliptico- conversional) clipping • Blending: is a special type of shortening where parts of words merge into one new word. E.g.: medicare, motel,…
- 28. Clipping • Initial clipping:the first part of a word is clipped: phone, car, plane. • Final clipping: the last part of a word is clipped: exam, lab, sis, uni, prof, doc. • Initio- final clipping: both the first and the last parts are clipped: fridge, flu, tec. • Medal clipping: the medial part is clipped: maths, specs, V- day, H-bomb. • Elliptico- conversional clipping: there is a combination of ellipsis, conversion and clipping: sitdown, (a sitdown demonstration), pop( popular music).
- 29. Blending • Is aspecial type of shortening where parts of words merge into one new word: brunch smog, motel, medicare.
- 30. Conversion • Definition: conversionis the formation of a new word in a different part of speech without adding any element. • The difference between the words in each pair is morphological, syntactic and semantic:
- 31. +Morphological: the verb‘’to hand”, for example, has a new paradigm( the system of forms): hand- handed- handing + Syntactic: the function of ‘’to hand” is new, it is predicate: ‘’he handed me the watch”. +Semantic: the verb ‘’to hand” has a completely new meaning: to give, to pass sth to.. But ‘’hand” is part of the body.
- 32. The type ofconversion: • Traditional conversion • Occasional conversion • Partial conversion • Substantiation
- 33. • Traditional conversion:means the type of conversion commonly and traditionally used by the public. E.g.: hand- to hand- handing… ( as above). • Occasional conversion: refers to the individual use of conversion in special situations, occasions, to express one’s idea vividly, humorously.. E.g.: When a person keeps saying: ‘Hello, dear’ to anyone he meets, we can coin the verb ‘Hello, dear’ by saying: “ He hello dears everyone”. Or we can make it a noun as saying: “ We are tired of his ‘hello dear’”.
- 34. +Partial conversion: isthe building of some nouns from verbs. These nouns usually go with verbs like ‘’have, take, make” to form verbal phrases. Have a look/ talk/smoke.. Give a ring/ kick/ blow.. + Substantiation: is the formation of nouns from adjectives. native- a native, natives- the native (fe) male- a (fe) male, (fe) males- the (fe) male daily newspaper- a daily rich- the rich, happy- the happy..
- 35. Sound imitation Sound imitationis the way to form words by imitating sounds produced by actions, things and so on. - Words showing animals: based on the sounds produced by the animals themselves: crow, cuckoo. - Words showing movement of water: flush, splash, babble. - Words showing actions made by man: giggle, chatter, grumble, murmur, whisper. - Words showing actions made by animals: moo, roar, howl, cackle.
- 36. Back formation - Backformation is the building of new words by subtracting a real or supposed affix from existing words. to window- shop( from window- shopping) to house- keep( from house- keeping). - Compound verbs- compound nouns: To air- condition( from air –conditioner) to tape- record( from tape- recorder)
- 37. Sound and stressinterchange - Sound interchange: the new word is built by changing the root vowel or consonant of the old word. food (n) – feed (v), sing (v) – song (n) - Stress interchange: the new word is built by changing the place of the stress on the old one. ‘export (n) – ex’ port (v) ‘perfect (a) – per’fect (v)
- 38. DISCUSSION Distinguish between clippingand backformation? Give examples to illustrate.
- 39. Exercises • Exercise 1:Fill in the space with suitable words: • 1. the word ‘motel’ is produced by way of …….. • 2. When a word is employed to refer to more objects or things than it used to the semantic change is often called ………. • 3. When a word is employed to refer to less objects or notions than it is used, the process is called ……….. • 4. The main difference between a compound and a free phrase is ………. • 5. Back formation is the process of building new words by ……… or ……. a real or supposed affix from the existing word. We can call this process ………. or ……….. as opposed to affixation.
- 40. • Answer : •1.blending • 2.broadening of meaning • 3.narrowing of meaning • 4.semantic / integrity • 5. removing or subtracting taking away or deaffixation
- 41. Exercise 2: Trueor false • 1. Conversion is the formation of a new word in the same part of speech without adding any element. • 2. In speech a word may realize a number of meanings. • 3. Occasional conversion means the individual use of conversion in special situation. • 4. Compounds are always first- stressed syllable words. • 5. Two or more words may have the same connotation but differ in denotation. • Answer: • 1.F(same– different) 2.T 3.T 4.F (always--- mostly) 5. F (two or more words may have the same denotation but differ in connotation)
- 42. Exercise 3 • Identifythe methods of word formation in the following examples: • To vacuum clean – compounding • 1. ping- pong • 2. to empty • 3. to storm • 4. the extraorman • 5. plane- sick • 6.iron- curtain • 7. motel • 8.e-mail • 9. giggle • 10. to quack
- 43. Answer • 1. sound-imitation • 2. conversion • 3. conversion • 4. blending • 5. compounding • 6. compounding • 7. blending • 8. medial- clipping • 9. sound- imitation • 10. sound-imitation
- 44. Exercise 4 • Commenton the word formation and meaning of the following: • 1. Irresponsible • 2. To water • 3. The poor • 4. Fruice • 5. To bottle- feed
- 45. Answer • 1. prefixation(P+R) – not responsible • 2. conversion (N- V) – to pour water on sth (land, garden, plants, flowers) • 3. conversion (a-n) – the poor people • 4.blending : fruit+ juice • 5. compound verb – to feed a baby with a bottle.
- 46. Exercise 5 • Supply‘do’ or ‘make’: • 1. to …. a speech • 2. to … a favor • 3. to … damage • 4. to … a guess • 5. to … a phone call • 6. to … the gardening • 7. to … a decision • 8. to … business • 9. to … an excuse • 10. to …. arrangements
- 47. Answer • 1.make • 2.do • 3. do • 4. make • 5. make • 6. do • 7. make • 8. do • 9. make • 10.make
- 48. Exercise 6: Underlinethe wrong words 1. instable, unstable, instability, unstability 2. inhuman, unhuman, inhumane, unhumane 3. unable, inability, unability, inable 4. unjust, injustice, unjustice, unjustifiable 5. undecided, indecision, indecisive, undecisive
- 49. Answer 1. Unstable 2. unhuman,unhumane 3. unability, inable 4. unjustice 5.undecisive
- 50. Exercise 7 • Inthe English language, the word that denotes the kind of reporters who distort the truth or tell lies due to evil motives is ‘’ scoundrel- reporter’’ which is a good example of conversion as a productive word- building means, and this word also serves as an illustration of morphological motivation.
- 51. ( Wrong: conversion,Correct: compounding)
- 52. Exercise 8 • Fillin the blank with one suitable word: • Back – derivation is the process of building new words by(1) ….. a real or supposed affix from existing words. We can call this process(2) ….. as opposed to affixation. • Answer : 1. substracting 2. back formation
- 53. Exercise 9 • Commenton the underlined combinations. Are they idioms or just phrases? • Such policing action is just a Band-Aid for the moral- deficit that schools and parents should address. • Band- Aid: compound • Moral – deficit: phrase
- 54. Exercise 10 • Filleach space in the sentences below with the correct form of the word in printed above it: • Pay: • 1. To buy this car I made a monthly ….. Of $280 for two years. • 2. Please make your cheque … to John Watson • 3. The person a cheque is made out to is called the ….. • Answer : • 1. payment 2. paid 3. payer
- 55. How many morphemesare there in the following humourous sentence and what kinds of morphemes are they? "I asked my boyfriend if he was unmarried and unmarried and he said he’d been unmarried even twice” Unmarried: 3 un: deri , marry: root, ed: gram......
- 56. "I asked myboyfriend if he was unmarried and unmarried and he said he’d been unmarried even twice” I: 1- root, he Asked:2 : ask: root ed: grammatical My: 1, and Boyfriend: Unmarried: 3 un: Derivational , marry: root, ed: grammatical been
- 57. What types ofmorphemes are "-s" and "-ing" in this fun: "The Russian customs officers made him take out all his spectacles, which were then lying about in heaps. What an amusing spectacle!" Lying: grammatical Amusing: grammatical Spectacles: derivational morpheme In heaps: derivational morpheme