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Unit 4 the industrial revolution
1. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain due to a combination of factors including population growth, agricultural advances, trade increases, technological innovations like the steam engine, and Britain's political/social climate. 2. Industrialization then spread to other European countries and later the U.S. and Japan, driven by factors like natural resources, growing populations, transportation infrastructure, and available capital. 3. Industrialization in Spain was delayed by limitations such as a small domestic market, poor infrastructure, and lack of capital. Working conditions during the Industrial Revolution were difficult for many, with long hours, low pay, and few rights or protections.
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Unit 4 the industrial revolution
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- 2. Mis presentaciones tienentan solo una finalidad didáctica y sin ánimo de lucro, estando disponibles en Internet para todo aquel que las encuentre útiles. Salvo en casos excepcionales, no cito las fuentes escritas ni audiovisuales que utilizo por razones de economía de espacio y tiempo; de igual forma, no requiero que se cite lo que yo elaboro. Sin embargo, si algún autor reconoce sus textos o imágenes en mis trabajos y considera que debe ser citado, no tiene más que ponerse en contacto conmigo e incluiré su nombre donde sea necesario. Gracias y disfruten de la Historia… Prof. Oscar González García – IES Ornia (La Bañeza) 2017/2018
- 3. What are wegoing to study? ORDEN EDU 362/2015 de 4 de mayo – currículo ESO CyL CRITERIOS DE EVALUACIÓN 1. Describir los hechos relevantes de la revolución industrial y su encadenamiento causal. 2. Entender el concepto de “progreso” y los sacrificios y avances que conlleva. 3. Analizar las ventajas e inconvenientes de ser un país pionero en los cambios. 4. Analizar la evolución de los cambios económicos en España, a raíz de la industrialización parcial del país. ESTÁNDARES DE APRENDIZAJE EVALUABLES 1.1. Analiza y compara la industrialización de diferentes países de Europa, América y Asia, en sus distintas escalas temporales y geográficas. 2.1. Analiza los pros y los contras de la primera revolución industrial en Inglaterra. 3.1. Compara el proceso de industrialización en Inglaterra y en los países nórdicos. 4.1. Especifica algunas repercusiones políticas como consecuencias de los cambios económicos en España. Bloque 3. La Revolución Industrial
- 4. What are wegoing to study? ORDEN EDU 362/2015 de 4 de mayo – currículo ESO CyL CRITERIOS DE EVALUACIÓN 5. Conocer los principales avances científicos y tecnológicos del siglo XIX, consecuencia de las revoluciones industriales. ESTÁNDARES DE APRENDIZAJE EVALUABLES 5.1. Elabora un eje cronológico, diacrónico y sincrónico, con los principales avances científicos y tecnológicos del siglo XIX. Bloque 4. El Imperialismo del siglo XIX y la Primera Guerra Mundial
- 5. 1. THE BEGINNINGOF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: GREAT BRITAIN The Industrial Revolution was the process through which technological advances led to dramatic economic changes. Agriculture became less important than industry, and industrial capitalism emerged. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in about 1750. It is considered to be a revolution because it affected every sector of the economy and transformed society. It was caused by a series of interrelated factors which emerged simultaneously in Great Britain. • Population growth: Increases in food production and advances in hygiene and medicine led to a growth in population. • The Agricultural Revolution: in 18th century Europe agricultural production increased and crops became more varied due to numerous improvements: • Family-owned farms were replaced by extensive agricultural holdings that were more profitable. • The beginning of the mechanisation of agriculture. • Animal and mineral fertilisers were widely used. • The development of crop rotation: Norfolk system. 1. 1. The causes of the Industrial Revolution.
- 6. • Increased trade:Great Britain dominated trade routes in the Atlantic an Indian Oceans, so that, foreign trade increased. Domestic trade also grew due to an increase in demand, the absence of internal custom duties and the improvements to roads and waterways. • Technological advances: machines started to carry out work tasks and to substitute manual work. James Watt invented the modern steam engine in 1769. It used coal, abundant in Great Britain, as a fuel, and the steam power became the source of energy that drove the new machines. The steam engine could be used for many tasks on agriculture, industry, mining and transport.
- 7. Favourable political andsocial structure: Great Britain’s allowed the bourgeoisie to participate in the government and political decision-making since the 17th century revolution. As a result, this social group was able to promote measures that advanced its economic interests, such as laws to liberalise industrial production.
- 8. • Population growth:encourage production because there was an increased demand for food and manufactured products. There were also more workers available to work in the factories. • The agricultural improvements: enabled population growth and industrial development because it was possible to produce enough food for the growing population, as well as raw materials and capital to invest in industry. • Increase trade encourage industrial development because the profits from trade were invested in industry. • Mechanisation meant that products could be produced more quickly and in greater quantities. It also meant that products were cheaper to produce. 1. 2. The consequences of the Industrial Revolution.
- 9. Answer the questions: •Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain and not elsewhere? • Look at the crop rotation diagrams. How did that system increase the number of harvest? What were the benefits of the Norfolk system compared to the Three-yeas system? • In your opinion, which of the causes of the Industrial Revolution was the most crucial? Explain your answer.
- 10. • The textileindustry: The invention of spinning machines and mechanical weaving looms caused and increased in production. John Kay´s Flying Shuttle (1733) allowed to produce cloth more quickly, so more threads were needed… James Hargreaves´ Spinning Jenny (1765) and Richard Arkwright´s Water Frame (1767) produced various threads at the same time… The application of steam energy arrived with Edmund Cartwright´s Power Weaving Loom (1785) in order to produce fabric from cotton thread. Prices were reduced because production costs were lower than before. The large size and the expense of the new mechanical looms brought about the birth of factories: large buildings were needed to house the machines and workers. A new way of working developed: the division of labour, in which each worker was responsible for a different part of the production process. 1. 3. Key elements of industrialisation.
- 11. • The ironand steel industry: Its development was facilitated by the use of coal as a source of energy. This produces a lot of heat, so it was used to melt large quantities of iron in blast furnaces. Iron and steel were used to make ploughs, rails, steam machines, weapons, bridges, buildings… The Bessemer converter allowed foundries to transform iron into steel in large quantities, as well as producing a better quality product.
- 12. • The transportsrevolution: The early part of the Industrial Revolution saw improvements made to roads and canals. However, it was the use of steam engine on trains and ships that really changed transport. The first passenger railway line was built in England and joined the cities of Manchester and Liverpool (1830). Over the next few decades lines were built throughout continental Europe and reduced the cost of transporting goods. The first steamboats began operating in the US in 1807, and in 1847 there were ships that could cross the Atlantic in 15 days.
- 13. 2. INDUSTRALIZATION INTHE REST OF EUROPE During the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to other countries, such as Germany, Belgium and France. This expansion took place because these countries had: • ABUNDANT RESERVES OF IRON AND COAL • GROWING POPULATION THAT DEMANDED MORE GOODS • WELL-DEVELOPED RAILWAY NETWORKS TO FACILITATE TRANSPORT • CAPITAL FOR INVESTMENT IN INDUSTRY Outside of Europe, the first countries to industrialize were the United States and Japan
- 14. It began laterthan in other European countries and it was a slow process because of various specific problems: • The domestic demand was limited: the most of the population was formed by poor peasants who couldn´t afford to buy manufactured goods. • Poor quality of coal and lack of local technology: machinery had to be imported from other countries. • No capital for investment in industry: investments came from France and Great Britain. Industrialization in Spain
- 15. Answer the questions: •What factors promoted industrialisation in Europe? • Were the factors that promoted industrialisation in other countries present in Spain? What problems delayed industrialization in Spain? • Look to the European railway map and answer: a) Which country had the most developed network? b) What is the relationship between industrial regions and the railway network?
- 16. At the endof the 18th century, a new type of social organisation emerged in Europe and replaced the traditional estates system of the Ancien Regime. In this new class-based society, people’s social status depended on their work and their personal wealth rather than on their family background. • Society was divided into three groups: upper class, the middle class and the working class. • People’s social class was determined by their profession and wealth. • Society was open, so people’s social class could change if their personal situation changed. • In theory, all citizens were now equal under the law, without special privileges. • In practice, there were great economic inequalities. 3. THE CLASS-BASED SOCIETY
- 18. Industrialization brought increasedwealth and higher standards of living for the wealthy bourgeoisie. On the contrary, the working class suffered terrible working and living conditions… • Wages were too low to support a family, so women and children had to work as well, but their salaries were even lower than men´s. • The working day was extremely long and exhausting: discipline was very strict and people had to work between 14 and 16 hours a day. • Lack of safety and hygiene in the workplace: illnesses and accidents were common, especially in the mines. • Workers had no rights: they didn´t receive a wage if they didn´t work and they could be dismissed at any time without compensation. They didn´t have right to protest or strike, or even to meet and discuss their conditions. 4. 1. Industrial working conditions. 4. THE ORIGIN OF THE WORKING-CLASS MOVEMENT
- 19. The difficult conditionsthat the working class suffered led to protest against the factory owners, who opposed worker´s demands that would reduce their profits. In addition, economic liberalism allowed the bourgeoisie to carry out their businesses without restrictions. In the early 19th century the proletariat in Great Britain began to organise itself: • Luddites (1811): workers protested by destroying machines as they felt they were being replaced by them. They were punished by death penalty. • Trade Unions (1830s): associations of workers in the same industry which offered mutual assistance in the case of accident or injury and demanded better working conditions. They tried to use strikes as a way of fighting and were declared illegal. • Chartist movement (1838/48): they demanded to the Parliament (People´s Charter), political reforms such as universal manhood suffrage and salaries for members of parliament (MPs). This would make it possible for workers to participate in politics. The petitions were rejected. illnesses and accidents were common, especially in the mines. 4. 2. The origins of working-class politics.
- 21. • Utopian socialism:it was an ideological current that opposed capitalism and aimed to improve working conditions through education and negotiation with the middle class. Charles Fourier suggested reorganising society into perfect communities which he called “phalanxes”, that would operate as cooperatives where the workers would live and work together. Robert Owen put his socialist and humanitarian ideas into practice in Scotland in around 1800, when he created a cooperative system of working in his textile company, New Lanark Mills, and also reduced working hours.Charles Fourier
- 22. Karl Marx andFriedrich Engels published in 1848 a book called The Communist Manifesto. They promoted the destruction of capitalism and the establishment of a communist society throughout: • Class struggle: the proletariat needed to organise themselves and fight against the bourgeoisie in order to gain political power. • The dictatorship of the working classes: once they control the political power, the working classes would organise a new social and political order based on… • The communist economy: in which private property of the means of production would be socialised: they would be owned by the State, that would control, plan an organise how the means of production would be used, and all economic activity would be collective. • The communist society: finally, the class-based society would disappear because everybody would have the same relationship with the means or production. Society would be equal and without classes and states. 4. 3. Marxism
- 23. Karl Marx Friedrich Engels and TheCommunist Manifesto
- 24. Anarchism, promoted byPierre Joseph Prudhon and Mikhail Bakunin, also supported the overthrow of capitalism via a social revolution, but with different principles: • Individual freedom: people had to fight against any authority or institution that limited freedom, such as the state and the church. • Direct action: each citizen should represent him or herself, so anarchists rejected political parties and elections. • Abolition of private property: society would be organised into independent communes. The means of production would be owned collectively and decisions would be taken by popular assemblies. 4. 4. Anarchism
- 25. Marxists and anarchistsadvocated the need to unite the working class around the world in order to fight capitalism. In 1864 the International Worker’s Association was created (the First International) which united marxists, anarchists and trade unionists. The Association was dissolved in 1876 due to the differences that arose between marxists and anarchists. Socialist parties began to be created. In 1889, socialist leaders founded the Second International or International Socialist in Paris. Its purpose was to coordinate the programmes and actions of the various socialists parties. The Second International created some of the symbols of the labour movement, such as the workers’ anthem and May Day (Workers’ Day)
- 26. Answer the questions: •Does our present-day society have the same characteristics as the 19th century class-based society? Explain your answer. • What happened to 19th century workers if they had an accident or became ill? How is this different to what happens to workers today in these situations? • Compare and contrast the marxists and the anarchists. On what did they agree, and in which areas were the biggest disagreements?
- 27. 4. 6. Theworking class movement in Spain Luddite-style protests in Cataluña, centre of the textile industry. Strong presence of violent anarchists movements. The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) was founded in 1910. Establishment of the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE 1879) and the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT 1888) Set up of Sociedades de Socorro Mutuo, associations of workers to protect themselves and help each other. Bonaplata´s factory attack 1835
- 28. 5. THE SECONDINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- 29. Oil was firstextracted in the USA in the 19th century. It was used as fuel for the internal combustion engine, which led to the invention of the car. This had a huge impact on society even nowadays. Henry Ford invented the family car and its use spread rapidly. Diesel engines were incorporated into ships, increasing their capacity and speed The new metals of this Second Industrial Revolution were stainless steel and aluminium. The chemical industry advanced in Germany and new fertilisers, pharmaceuticals and other chemical products were made. Mass production of steel and reinforced concrete enable the construction of the first skyscrapers. Extractions of oil Henry Ford. El Ford T
- 30. Glossary Industrial capitalism: itis an economic system in which a small social group, the bourgeoisie, owns the property of production goods, while the workers, without property, are employed in exchange for a wage. Factories: large buildings needed to house the new big machines and workers. Division of labour: working system in which each worker was responsible for a different part of the production process. Proletariat: The proletariat is the class of wage-earners in a capitalist society whose only possession of significant material value is their labour-power (their ability to work). Means of production: all the resources needed to carry out an economic activity, such as capital, machines, raw materials and workers.