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Unit-IV-Environmental Pollution.ppt
This document discusses various types of environmental pollution including definitions, causes, effects, and measures to address different types of pollution. It covers air, water, noise, light, soil pollution as well as general pollution statistics. For each type of pollution, the document defines it, discusses sources and pollutants, effects on health and environment, and methods to control and prevent further pollution. Overall, the document provides a broad overview of different kinds of environmental pollution and approaches to tackle this global issue.
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Unit-IV-Environmental Pollution.ppt
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- 2. I will bediscussing…. Definition. Types Of Pollution. Causes. Effects. Measures. Statistical data.
- 3. Definition • Pollution isthe introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change, in the form of killing of life ,toxicity of environment , damage to ecosystem and aesthetics of our surrounding . (Wikipedia)
- 4. Definition (contd) • Anunwanted change in the environment which involves the physical, biological and chemical changes involving air, water and land which affects the human life in one way or the other”. • Pollution has become a serious issue after World War II in developing countries due to unchecked rapid industrialization. Pollution is the root cause of many diseases that kill and disable living organisms.
- 6. A Broader Viewof Pollution
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- 9. Types Air Pollution. Water Pollution. NoisePollution. Littering (spilling of oils in oceans) Soil contamination (by lead, heavy metals) Radioactive contamination. Thermal pollution. Visual Pollution.
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- 12. Air Pollution • Airpollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere.
- 13. Sources Of AirPollution • Household combustion devices. • Motor vehicles. • Industrial facilities. • Forest fires
- 14. Pollutants causing Air Pollution…… •Include particulate matter. • Carbon monoxide. • Ozone. • Nitrogen dioxide . • Sulfur dioxide
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- 17. How to controlair pollution?
- 18. How to controlair pollution? •Maintaining a healthy distance between the industrial and residential areas. •The chimneys should be constructed tall in size so that the emissions must be released higher up in the environment •The sulphur must be removed after burning. •The gasoline must have anti knocking agents.. •The mining area should be planted with trees.
- 19. How to controlair pollution? •The coal fuel should be replaced with gas fuel to control the air pollution. •The automobiles must be designed with emission control system. •The wastes must be removed and recycled in the industrial plants and refineries. •Plants like pine and ribes need to be planted to metabolize the nitrogen oxides and other pollutants.
- 20. How to controlair pollution? •Timely servicing of the car helps to keep it in a good condition, and also minimizes fuel exhaustion •Using public transportation helps to prevent the air pollution •Using alternative energy sources like solar energy, hydroelectric energy, and wind energy
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- 23. Water Pollution… • Waterpollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). • Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. .
- 24. Water Pollution… • Waterpollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities
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- 26. Polluted Water… • Domesticsewage. • Industrial wastewater. • Agricultural wastewater. • Construction site stormwater. • Urban runoff (stormwater).
- 27. Water Pollutants…. • Petroleumhydrocarbons • Plastics • Pesticides • Heavy metals • Sewage • Radioactive waste • Thermal effluents
- 28. Water Pollutants… • Detergents •Chloroform • Food processing waste, (fats and grease) • Insecticides and herbicides. • Petroleum hydrocarbons, (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels, and fuel oil). • Lubricants (motor oil). • From stormwater runoff.
- 29. Preventing Water Pollution… • Conservewater by turning off the tap. • Mind what you throw down your sink or toilet. • Don’t throw paints and oils in water channels. • Use environment friendly household products, such as washing powder, household cleaning agents etc. • Take great care not to overuse pesticides and fertilizers. • Don’t throw litter into rivers, lakes or oceans. Help clean up any litter you see on beaches or in rivers and lakes, make sure it is safe to collect the litter and put it in a nearby dustbin.
- 30. Treating Polluted Water... •Suspended, solid particles and inorganic material can be removed by the use of filters. • Use of biological filters and processes can naturally degrade the organic waste material. • After above two steps chemical additives are supplied to get rid of any left-over impurities.
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- 34. Light Pollution • Lightpollution, also known as photo pollution or luminous pollution, is excessive, misdirected, or obtrusive artificial light. Pollution is the adding- of/added light itself, in analogy to added sound, carbon dioxide, etc.
- 35. Light pollution Causes.. •Degradation of photic habitat by artificial light. • Alteration of natural light levels in the outdoor environment. • Due to Indoor light pollution human health is compromised.
- 36. Controlling Light Pollution.. •Excessive lighting should be avoided. • For Lighting an applicable design should be followed. • Light engineering should be applied for streets.
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- 39. Noise Pollution • Noisepollution is displeasing or excessive noise that may disrupt the activity or balance of human or animal life. • Noise means disgust or discomfort hearing from environment.
- 40. Sources of Noise Pollution… •Machines. • Transportation systems. • Motor vehicles. • Aircrafts. • Trains. • Poor urban planning.
- 41. Effects of NoisePollution • Noise pollution affects both health and behavior. • Unwanted sound (noise) can damage psychological health. • Noise pollution can cause • Annoyance • Aggression . • Hypertension . • High stress levels . • Hearing loss. • sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects.
- 42. Effects of NoisePollution • Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-induced hearing loss. • Older males exposed to significant occupational noise demonstrate significantly reduced hearing sensitivity than their non-exposed peers.
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- 45. Soil Pollution.. • Soilcontamination or soil pollution is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. • It is typically caused by • industrial activity. • agricultural chemicals. • improper disposal of waste.
- 46. Soil Contaminating Chemicals….. • Petroleumhydrocarbons. • Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Pesticides • Lead and Other heavy metals.
- 47. How to controlsoil pollution?
- 48. How to controlsoil pollution? •Limit the use of fertilizers and pesticides •Awareness about biological control methods and their implementation •The grazing must be controlled and forest management should be done properly •The afforestation and reforestation must take place •Proper preventive methods like shields should be used in areas of wind erosion and wind breaks
- 49. How to controlsoil pollution? • Treating Wastes of industries. • Treating nuclear waste. • Proper disposing of plastics and other garbage materials.
- 50. Air Pollution dohave…. • Health effects • Effects on cardiovascular health • Effects on breathing (asthma). • Links to cancer • Effects on children • Health effects in relatively "clean" areas
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- 52. Most Polluted WorldCities.. • • • • • • • • • Cairo, Delhi, Kolkata, Tianjin, Chongqing, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jakarta, Shenyang, (Egypt) (India) (India) (China) (China) (India) (India) (Indonesia) (China)
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- 55. OVERVIEW Kinds of Wastes WasteGeneration Solid Waste in India Solid Waste management methods
- 56. What are Wastes? Waste(also known as rubbish, refuse, garbage, junk) is unwanted or useless materials. In biology, waste is any of the many unwanted substances expelled from living organisms, metabolic waste; such as urea and sweat.
- 57. Kinds of Wastes Solidwastes: wastes in solid forms, domestic, commercial and industrial wastes Examples: plastics , bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources. Bio-degradable :can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others) Non-biodegradable :cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, Styrofoam containers and others) Hazardous wastes: Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically and have any of the following properties- ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity & toxicity. Non-hazardous : Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically and do not have any of those properties mentioned above. These substances usually create disposal problems.
- 58. Classification of wastesaccording to their origin and type Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes that include household garbage, rubbish, construction & packaging materials, trade refuges etc. are managed by any municipality. Bio-medical wastes:Solid or liquid wastes including containers, products generated during diagnosis, treatment & research activities of medical sciences. Industrial wastes: Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by manufacturing & processing units of various industries like chemical, petroleum, coal, metal gas, sanitary & paper etc. Agricultural wastes: Wastes generated from farming activities. These substances are mostly biodegradable. Fishery wastes: Wastes generated due to fishery activities. E-wastes: Electronic wastes generated from any modern establishments. They may be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Some electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, wires, circuits, mobile, computers etc.
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- 62. STRUCTURE OF SOLID WASTE SolidWaste Refuse Trash Bulky wastes (TV, refrigerators goods, Broken furniture, etc.) Garbage Rubbish non-degradable (glass, rubber, Metals, plastics non-metal set) Vegetables, Meats, food Wastes and other readily Degradable organic wastes slowly degradable (paper, wood Products, textiles etc.)
- 63. Waste Collection inIndia Primarily by the city municipality -No gradation of waste product e.g. bio-degradable, glasses, polybags, paper shreds etc -Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts Local raddiwala / kabadiwala -Collecting small iron pieces by magnets -Collecting glass bottles -Collecting paper for recycling How solid waste affected us in recent years? In Mumbai (2005) clogged the sewage line due to large no. of plastic bags. Blast in the Bhusan Steel factory at Noida, caused due to imported scrap from Iran Reduction in the number of migratory birds due to consumption of contaminated food s animals dying on streets and farmland due to consumption of plastic bags, which blocks the food movement in their stomach
- 64. 1.LAND FILL It isthe most traditional method of waste disposal. Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soil Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate power . It is generally used for domestic waste.
- 65. 2. INCINERATION Incineration isa waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solid waste at 1000C. waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and gases due to organic waste. the heat generated by incineration is used to generate electric power.
- 66. ADVANTAGES Minimum of landis needed compared to other disposal methods. The weight of the waste is reduced to 25% of the initial value. No risk of polluting local streams and ground waters as in landfills. Incineration plants can be located close to residential areas. Gases are used to generate power. DISADVANTAGES Expensiv e Required skilled labour. The chemicals that would be released into the air could be strong pollutants and may destroy ozone layer (major disadvantage). high energy requirement.
- 67. COMPACTION: The waste iscompacted or compressed. It also breaks up large or fragile items of waste . This process is conspicuous in the feed at the back end of many garbage collection vehicles. Deposit refuse at bottom of slope for best compaction and control of blowing litter.
- 68. PYROLYSIS:- Pyrolysis is definedas thermal degradation of waste in the absence of air to produce char, pyrolysis oil and syngas, e.g. the conversion of wood to charcoal also it is defined as destructive distillation of waste in the absence of oxygen. External source of heat is employed in this process.
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- 70. The 3 R’s REDUCE Youcan help by PRECYCLING. 1/3 of all garbage is packaging. Buy things that are in packages that can be recycled or are made of recycled materials. When you buy something small, say no thanks to a bag. REUSE Many things can be reused before you throw them out. Use coffee cans and cottage cheese containers for storage Use backs of paper or backs of used envelopes for jotting notes Put leftovers in resalable containers instead of using wraps and foil Use old clothes as rags for cleaning instead of paper towels Have a garage sale or donate clothes, books or toys that you don't use anymore RECYCLE Each year we use: 25 billion plastic containers 30 billion bottles & jars 65 billion aluminum cans 100 billion pounds of paper
- 71. A Single Solution….. •Go green. • Reduce
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