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Units 20+21
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- 2. Memory Amountof previously learned material that has been retained Involves (1) encoding, (2) storage, and (3)retrieval Memory is a net, not a bucket Memory = retention
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- 5. Memory Redintegration Assemblinga complete memory based on partial cues Essay exam Recall Repeat what has been previously learned without cues Short-answer tests Recognition Original content presented and subject identifies whether or not it is correct Multiple choice and/or true-false tests
- 6. Standard Model ofMemory
- 7. Memory Sensory registersEncoding of information retrieved through senses Holds information about a stimulus only a few seconds at best Iconic (visual) memory Echoic (auditory) memory Haptic (cutaneous) memory
- 8. Memory Short-term memory(STM) STM takes over when information in sensory memory transferred to consciousness/awareness Limited capacity STM memories easy to access and retrieve Maintenance rehearsal (repetition) Elaborative rehearsal (add meaning)
- 9. Memory Short-term memory(con’t) Displacement Short term memory becomes full as other bits of information enter STM New information will push out older information
- 10. 1 4 9 1 6 2 5 3 6 4 9 6 4 8 1
- 11. 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81
- 12. How is informationstored in STM? 1) Primacy effect – information occurring first is remembered better than information occurring later 2) Recency effect – information presented last is sometimes remembered better because not as much time has passed 3) Serial position effect – information most likely to be remembered is what comes first and and last, while what is most likely to be forgotten is whatever is crowded in the middle
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- 14. How is informationstored in STM? 4) Frequency effect – rehearsal, rehearsal, rehearsal 5) Distinctiveness – any distinctive information stands out from other information around it and is remembered better 6) Associations – associating/attaching information to other information
- 15. Memory Long-term memory(LTM) Enduring May last a lifetime Unlimited capacity? LTM memories harder to access/retrieve
- 16. Memory Subcategories ofLTM Declarative memory = Memories for facts, life events, information about environment Semantic memory = Factual knowledge about world (names, dates, #s) Episodic memory = Tied to specific events, situations (“flashbulb memories”)
- 17. Memory Subcategories ofLTM (con’t) Implicit memory = Memories expressed in behavior but do not require conscious recollection Procedural memory = “How to” knowledge of procedures or skills (ride a bike, tie a shoe, drive a car) Prospective memory = Remembering things that need to be done in the future (“remembering to remember”)
- 18. Forgetting Passive decayMemory loss associated with lack of use Can occur in LTM Encoding failure Information never consolidated beyond initial sensory register stage
- 19. Forgetting Retrieval failureDifficulty accessing LTM “ Tip of the tongue” phenomenon Repression Unconscious motive to forget an emotionally traumatic memory Pain/trauma of some experience creates a mental block preventing retrieval of that memory
- 20. Forgetting Retrograde amnesiaInability to recall memories of the past ( The Bourne Identity) Can form new LTM Anterograde amnesia Inability to form new LTM ( Memento ) New events contained in STM are not transferred to LTM memory
- 21. Forgetting Causes ofamnesia Damage to hippocampus Acute stress Neurodegenerative causes Dementia, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s
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- 23. Memory Improving memoryMnemonics Adding additional cues for retrieval Acronyms = PEMDAS, GRE, Roy G. Bv “ Geography” = G eorge E agle’s O ld G randmother R ode A P ig H ome Y esterday Eidetic images Pairing semantic memories w/visual cues Method of loci
- 24. Best practices forimproving memory? Spaced practice Sleeping right after learning Mood congruence Environmental restructuring Memory