Units 22+24

Units 22+24

• 1.
  Cognition and Intelligence
• 2.
  Cognition Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering Ideas, thoughts, concept formation, logic and reasoning, problem solving, decision making “ Meta-cognition” – thinking about thinking; thought control
• 3.
  Cognition Categorization Naturalgroupings based on common properties ( Jeopardy ) “ Animals” is a category with many concepts Concept A mental representation of a category (“prototypes”) “ Chicken” = farm animal, small, feathers
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• 5.
  NAGAMAR SLEVO STINGIHUNOSB KITNH MIECOVHH
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  Problem Solving HeuristicsCognitive shortcuts for selecting among alternatives without carefully considering each one Allows for rapid and efficient (but sometimes) misleading judgments Ex: Representative heuristic, availability heuristic
• 9.
  Problem Solving ConfirmationBias Tendency to search/recall information that supports preconceived (biased) beliefs Leads to interpretation of ambiguous evidence to supporting existing opinions The more emotionally involved you are with a belief, the more likely you will ignore facts/arguments that tend to undermine it Ex: “Remember the hits and forget the misses”, psychic readings, Hussein/WMD
• 10.
  Intelligence Achievement testsMeasure what you’ve already learned Reading recognition, spelling, arithmetic, computation (scholastic exam) Aptitude tests Goal is to test how you will do in the future (prediction) Measures how you apply existing information into a new scenario (career placement exam, IQ tests)
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  Intelligence Autistic-savant Scoring extremely low on IQ tests but demonstrate extraordinary mental abilities in a specific area Not all individuals with autism are savants ( Rain Man ) Estimated prevalence of savant abilities in autism ~10% Not all individuals with low IQ are savants Estimated prevalence ~1%
• 13.
  Intelligence Multiple Intelligencesa) Musical b) Kinesthetic c) Spatial d) Verbal e) Logical/Mathematical f) Intra-personal g) Interpersonal
• 14.
  Creativity Defined as“divergent problem solving” How do we operationalize creativity? Recognizing creativity? Independence Originality Persistence Flexibility
• 15.
  Creativity Moderately correlatedwith intelligence Not all highly-intelligent people are creative! Impediments Functional fixedness Habitual set
• 16.
  Intelligence What isthe operational definition for intelligence? What two factors influence IQ? History of the IQ test 1904: Binet developed first IQ test in France to rate child intelligence 1916: IQ test later modified at Stanford University IQ = (mental age/chronological age) x 100
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• 18.
  Intelligence Are IQtests reliable? Valid? Why do IQ tests get a bad rap? Lack of theoretical basis Cultural bias Only measures certain types of intelligence Merely tests your test-taking abilities How can we test life intelligence? What is intelligence?
• 19.
  Intelligence Fluid knowledgeAbility to draw analogies, recognize patterns, solve novel problems As age increases, this type of intelligence decreases Crystallized knowledge This is your knowledge base Vocabulary, geography, general world knowledge
• 20.
  Action Options inthe decision-making process Routine behavior External referral Intentional randomization Affect (emotional) referral Lexicographic approach Conjunctive (elimination-by-aspects) approach
• 21.
  Action Decision makingcan produce conflict Approach-approach decisions Avoidant-avoidant decisions Approach-avoidant decisions