Urban Hierarchy and Service Provisions.pptx
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Table of Contents- 1. The Relationship Between Cities and Hinterlands: Key aspects, models, challenges, and future trends 2. Rank-Size Rule and the Attraction of Cities: You can describe the topic of the section here 3. The Relationship Among Cities: Networks, Hierarchies, and Interactions
Urban Hierarchy and Service Provisions.pptx
- 1. Urban Hierarchy and Service Provisions Md. Inzamul Haque [email protected]
- 2. Table of contents You can describe the topic of the section here Key aspects, models, challenges, and future trends Networks, Hierarchies, and Interactions 01 03 The Relationship Between Cities and Hinterlands The Relationship Among Cities Rank-Size Rule and the Attraction of Cities 02
- 3. The Relationship Between Cities and Hinterlands 01 The connection between a city and its hinterland (the surrounding rural or less urbanized region that supports it) is crucial for economic, social, and environmental sustainability. This relationship is often symbiotic, with cities depending on their hinterlands for resources, labor, and markets, while hinterlands rely on cities for services, employment, and infrastructure.
- 4. Key Aspects of the City-Hinterland Relationship 1. Economic Interdependence Resource Supply: Hinterlands provide cities with food, water, raw materials (timber, minerals), and energy. Markets for Goods: Cities act as markets for hinterland products (agricultural goods, handicrafts). Employment & Labor Migration: Rural-urban migration supplies cities with workers, while remittances support hinterland economies. 2. Infrastructure & Service Provision Transport Links: Roads, railways, and ports connect hinterlands to urban markets. Urban Services Spillover: Cities provide hinterlands with hospitals, universities, banking, and specialized services not available locally. Supply Chains: Hinterlands often host logistics hubs, warehouses, and industrial zones supporting urban economies.
- 5. Key Aspects of the City-Hinterland Relationship 3. Environmental Interactions Resource Exploitation: Cities draw water, minerals, and land from hinterlands, sometimes leading to depletion or pollution. Waste Disposal: Urban waste (solid, industrial, sewage) often ends up in hinterlands, causing environmental strain. Ecological Footprint: Cities depend on hinterlands for carbon sinks (forests, farmland) to offset pollution. 4. Governance & Planning Conflicts Land Use Competition: Urban expansion (sprawl) encroaches on agricultural or forested hinterlands. Policy Imbalances: Government investments often favor cities, leaving hinterlands underdeveloped. Decentralization Efforts: Some countries promote rural development to reduce urban dominance (e.g., China’s rural revitalization policies).
- 6. Models of City-Hinterland Relationships 1. Central Place Theory (Walter Christaller, 1933) o Cities act as service hubs for surrounding hinterlands, with larger cities offering higher-order services. o Explains market reach, transport costs, and urban hierarchy. 2. Core-Periphery Model (Friedmann, 1966) o Cities (core) dominate and extract resources from hinterlands (periphery), leading to uneven development. 3. Urban Footprint Concept o Measures how much land/resources a city consumes from its hinterland to sustain itself.
- 7. Challenges & Future Trends Urban Sprawl: Unplanned city growth degrades hinterlands (e.g., loss of farmland in India’s peri-urban zones). Climate Change: Droughts/floods in hinterlands disrupt urban food/water supplies. Smart Growth Policies: Sustainable urban planning (e.g., green belts, agro- urban integration) Case Examples Brazil’s Amazon & Cities: Deforestation for urban/industrial expansion harms ecosystems. Netherlands’ Randstad: Integrated urban-rural planning ensures food security and green spaces.
- 8. Rank-Size Rule and the Attraction of Cities 02 The Rank-Size Rule is a key concept in urban geography that describes the distribution of city sizes within a country. It helps explain why some cities grow larger than others and how their functions and attractiveness vary based on their rank in the urban hierarchy.
- 9. The rule states that in an idealized urban system: The largest city (1st rank) is twice as large as the 2nd largest city, Three times as large as the 3rd largest city, And so on (n-th largest city = population of the largest city / n). Mathematically: Pr=P1/r Pr= Population of the city ranked r P1 = Population of the largest city Rank(r ) City (Hypothetical) Population (P_r) 1 Megacity A 10 million 2 City B 5 million (10M / 2) 3 City C ~3.3 million (10M / 3) 4 City D 2.5 million (10M / 4)
- 10. A. Factors Supporting Rank-Size Distribution ✔ Decentralized Economy – Multiple economic hubs (e.g., USA, Germany). ✔ Balanced Urban Planning – Government policies prevent one city from dominating. ✔ Historical Trade Patterns – No single city monopolizes resources. B. Factors Causing Deviations (Primate City Pattern) ❌ Colonial Legacy – Capital cities (e.g., Paris, London) grew disproportionately. ❌ Centralized Government & Economy – One city attracts all investment (e.g., Bangkok in Thailand). ❌ Geographical Constraints – Limited space for multiple large cities (e.g., Japan’s Tokyo dominance). Why Do Cities Follow (or Deviate from) the Rank-Size Rule?
- 11. How City Rank Influences Attraction & Functions A. High-Rank Cities (1st-3rd) ✔ Global/National Hubs (e.g., New York, London, Tokyo). ✔ Attract multinational corporations, top universities, advanced healthcare. ✔ High migration pull (jobs, innovation, culture). ✔ Expensive living costs, congestion, inequality. B. Mid-Rank Cities (4th-20th) ✔ Regional Centers (e.g., Houston, Manchester, Chengdu). ✔ Strong in specific industries (e.g., tech in Austin, manufacturing in Detroit). ✔ More affordable than top cities but still dynamic. C. Low-Rank Cities (Small Towns & Rural Areas) ✔ Limited services, lower costs. ✔ Dependent on higher-ranked cities for specialized needs. ✔ Often experience outmigration to larger cities. The rank of a city determines: Economic opportunities (jobs, industries), Service provisions (education, healthcare), Cultural & political influence.
- 12. The Relationship Among Cities: Networks, Hierarchies, and Interactions 03 Cities do not exist in isolation—they are interconnected through economic, political, cultural, and infrastructural networks. These relationships shape regional and global development patterns. Below are the key aspects of inter-city dynamics.
- 13. A. Hierarchical Relationships (Urban Hierarchy) Cities are ranked based on size, economic power, and influence: Global Cities (Alpha++) – Command the world economy (e.g., New York, London, Tokyo). National Capitals/Major Hubs – Drive national growth (e.g., Delhi, Paris, São Paulo). Regional Centers – Serve sub-national areas (e.g., Chicago, Mumbai, Guangzhou). Small Towns & Rural Centers – Provide basic services. 🔹 Example: A multinational company’s HQ may be in New York, regional offices in Chicago, and factories in smaller industrial towns. Types of Relationships Among Cities
- 14. Types of Relationships Among Cities B. Complementary Relationships (Functional Specialization) Cities develop distinct economic roles: Financial Hubs (e.g., Zurich, Singapore) Manufacturing Centers (e.g., Shenzhen, Detroit) Tech & Innovation Clusters (e.g., Silicon Valley, Bangalore) Tourism & Cultural Cities (e.g., Venice, Dubai) 🔹 Example: Miami (tourism) trades with Houston (energy) and Los Angeles (entertainment).
- 15. Types of Relationships Among Cities C. Competitive Relationships Cities compete for: Investment (e.g., Amazon HQ2 bidding war between US cities) Talent (e.g., Berlin vs. Munich for tech workers) Infrastructure (e.g., Rotterdam vs. Antwerp for shipping dominance) 🔹 Example: Shanghai and Hong Kong compete as Asia’s financial hubs. D. Collaborative Relationships (Urban Networks) Cities cooperate for mutual benefits: Trade Agreements (e.g., EU cities under single-market policies) Infrastructure Links (e.g., high-speed rail between Tokyo and Osaka) Knowledge Sharing (e.g., C40 Cities Climate Network) 🔹 Example: The Rhine-Ruhr region (Germany) integrates multiple cities (Cologne, Düsseldorf, Essen) into one economic zone.
- 16. Symbiotic vs. Parasitic Relationships Among Cities 1. Symbiotic Relationships (Mutually Beneficial) In symbiotic relationships, cities support each other’s growth through complementary functions. Types of Symbiotic Relationships A. Economic Complementarity Example: o San Francisco (Tech) + Los Angeles (Entertainment) – Silicon Valley’s innovations drive LA’s media tech (Netflix, Disney). o Rotterdam (Port) + German Industrial Cities (Manufacturing) – Rotterdam’s port serves Germany’s export economy. B. Infrastructure & Resource Sharing Example: o Tokyo-Yokohama Megalopolis – Shared transport (trains, highways) and utilities. o Delhi-NCR (National Capital Region) – Gurgaon & Noida provide business hubs, while Delhi offers governance. C. Knowledge & Innovation Networks Example: o Boston-Cambridge (Universities + Biotech Firms) – Harvard/MIT feed talent into pharmaceutical companies. o Bangalore-Hyderabad (IT & Pharma Collaboration) – Shared R&D and skilled labor pools. Benefits of Symbiosis ✔ Economic resilience (diversified industries). ✔ Efficient resource use (shared infrastructure). ✔ Faster innovation (collaborative ecosystems).
- 17. Symbiotic vs. Parasitic Relationships Among Cities 2. Parasitic Relationships (Exploitative) In parasitic relationships, one city benefits at the expense of another, often leading to regional imbalances. Types of Parasitic Relationships A. Resource Drain (Core-Periphery Exploitation) Example: o Mexico City vs. Rural Mexico – The capital absorbs most investment, leaving rural areas underdeveloped. o Paris (Primate City) vs. Rest of France – Over- centralization weakens Lyon, Marseille. B. Brain & Labor Drain Example: o Small Towns Big Cities – Young talent migrates to → Mumbai/Bangalore, leaving hometowns with aging populations. o African Cities Europe/US – Skilled professionals → emigrate, causing "brain drain." C. Environmental Exploitation Example: o Delhi’s Air Pollution & Neighboring States – Farmland burning in Punjab worsens Delhi’s smog. o São Paulo’s Water Crisis – Depletes rural reservoirs for urban needs. Negative Effects of Parasitism ❌ Regional inequality (rich cities vs. poor hinterlands). ❌ Overcrowding & slums in dominant cities. ❌ Ecological degradation (unsustainable resource extraction).
- 18. Can Parasitic Relationships Become Symbiotic? Yes, with policy interventions: Decentralization (e.g., Germany’s balanced urban growth). Investment in secondary cities (e.g., China’s Chengdu-Chongqing growth). Urban-Rural Partnerships (e.g., Amsterdam’s circular economy with nearby farms). Case Studies Symbiotic Success: The Randstad (Netherlands) Amsterdam (Finance), Rotterdam (Port), The Hague (Govt.), Utrecht (Transport) – Each city specializes, avoiding parasitic competition. Parasitic Challenge: Bangkok (Thailand) Primacy syndrome – Bangkok dominates Thailand’s economy, stifling Chiang Mai & other cities.
- 19. Factors Influencing Inter-City Relationships Factor Impact on City Relationships Transport & Connectivity High-speed rail, airports, and highways strengthen ties (e.g., Beijing- Shanghai bullet train). Economic Globalization Cities integrate into global supply chains (e.g., Shenzhen’s factories supply the world). Political Policies Federal vs. centralized governance affects city autonomy (e.g., US states vs. French departments). Technology & Digitalization Smart cities (e.g., Singapore, Barcelona) share data for efficiency. Migration Patterns Skilled workers move to dynamic cities (e.g., Bangalore’s IT boom).
- 20. Thank You Any question, comment, or suggestion will be appreciated