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Urban Planning
- 1. Urban Planning Dipok C.Sarker
- 2. Built Environment Itincludes everything that is built – building, sewers, telephone cables, roads, parks…….. It is a human intervention in the natural physical world. It is a place with different characteristics and identities are created Means to keep them functional and interdependences are established.
- 3. Sustainability and CityPlanning
- 4. Planning and Cities Anti-urbanposition ? Increased urbanisation alienates people from nature which lends to “the adoption of environmentally unsustainable habits” (McMichael 1993). Present day: ◦ Very large cities are generally seen as inherently unsustainable.
- 5. Economic & Otherconcerns Unbalanced settlement pattern can undermine the overall efficiency of the national economy Land rental/ property market, land costs, labour costs, infrastructure extension/ maintenance, stress, noise, air pollution, etc.; Increased traffic congestion, journey time; Reduced vehicle fuel efficiency, more noise, more concentrated air pollution; Poverty – city size may exacerbate the problem (magnitude and concentration)
- 6. Environmental concerns Environmentaldegradation is generally thought to increase with city size. Larger cities are more dependent on external ecosystems because: ◦ consumption rates per capita rises (e.g. water) ◦ internal capacity for food and energy production is reduced due to rising land values (conversion of agricultural land at periphery and reduction in urban agriculture) ◦ environmental resilience thresholds crossed by over-concentration of pollution.
- 7. Household Electricity andTransport GHG Emissions
- 8. Social concerns Crimerates (real/ perceived) Loss of community, sense of personal and locational identity Locational disadvantage - accessibility
- 9. Large Size Cities:Positive Features “Without cities there could have been no real civilisation” (Bairoch 1988 in H&H) Size provides critical mass to support various levels of functional specialisation in: ◦ health care, education, social and cultural facilities, retailing, etc. Large cities provide a combination of various dynamics and vibrancy that can lead to : ◦ innovation (knowledge economy?) ◦ cultural initiatives
- 10. Towards Sustainable Development Historically, there has been a strong environmental dimension to planning policy ◦ Reaction to the outcomes of environmental degradation in 18th cent. Factory Towns ◦ Birth of the Town Planning Profession - Planners awarded powers to control and regulate development Current debate on City size/ form is framed in environmental, economic and social terms.
- 11. Economy Society Ecology/ Env’t Economy – Society– Ecology – a triangle ?
- 12. Economy Society Ecology Economy – Society– Ecology: Overlapping concerns ?
- 13. Ecology/ Env’t Economy Society MaximizedConcern for Environment/ Ecology Ecology provides the context for Economy and Society
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- 15. Development and Environment Facts: Economic development is needed to satisfy human needs. Economic development activities may be harmful to the environment. Concern for vulnerability of environment We may not be able to meet our needs or not be able to maintain a minimum acceptable quality of life. World Conservation Strategy (IUCN 1980).
- 16. What’s need tothink? In planning terms, To conserve nature/ land To conserve energy, especially from non- renewable resources To minimise waste, manage waste Main areas – urban form; transport network Urban form- urban consolidation, urban compaction Growth boundaries? Greenfield/ brownfield development ratio?
- 17. Impact of UrbanForm Housing affordability ◦ land supply and building/construction Social Justice ◦ access to services and facilities Environmental Sustainability ◦ energy and resource use Economic Efficiency ◦ resource allocation, effects on production and distribution
- 18. Evaluating Urban Form:Criteria Social Justice - equity, equality, access, participation, impact on disadvantaged groups. Environmental Sustainability - use of resources and natural capital, waste disposal and pollution, risk, uncertainty and reversibility of actions. Liveability - variety, diversity, choice, robustness and flexibility, quality of life. Economic values - efficiency, balance of public and private sector roles, housing affordability.
- 19. Sustainability for Planners Planning involves ◦ decision-making, generating options, consensus building, establishing regulations and controls All aspects of Planning should be guided by SD ◦ Local Agenda 21, Rio Earth Summit 1992
- 20. Planners’ Triangle Planner’s aim:Trade-off? Compromise? (Source: Scott Campbell)
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- 22. Key findings in AustralianSustainable Built Environment Council (ASBEC) Report Urban centres will become more transport-intensive and less transport efficient Transport is forecast to be slower Transport outcomes are likely to deteriorate Transport GHG emissions are projected to rise in the studied urban centres Transport GHG emissions from within urban Australia are projected to rise substantially The need for mobility costs time and harms the environment
- 23. If you lookat the transport.. Why do we travel? How can we make it more efficient?
- 25. Features Cities US, Australian European Asian (prosperous ones) Automobile dependence high tovery high moderate to low very low Role of public transportation minor major major Role of walking/ cycling minor major major Source: adapted from Newman Automobile dependence and sustainability
- 26. Road supply (length ofroad per person) CBD parking spots per 1000 persons % of work trips on public transport Perth: 10.7m pp Melbourne: 7.7m pp Sydney: 6.2m pp Australian avg: 8.3m pp USA avg: 6.9m pp European avg: 2.4m pp Perth: 631 Australian avg: 489 USA avg: 468 European avg: 238 Perth: 9.7% Melbourne: 15.9% Sydney: 25% Australian avg: 14.5% USA avg: 9% European avg: 39% Our dependence on the motor car This high level of car dependency costs us environmentally, socially and economically Source: Alannah MacTiernan
- 27. Environmental Concerns Greenhouse gases ◦ Ozone Depletion ◦ Global Warming water vapour, CO2, methane, nitrous oxides Major contributors ◦ automobile dependence exhaust fumes – CO2, nitrogen oxide ◦ solid waste disposal landfill sites - methane Also: ◦ noise pollution traffic, road construction ◦ water pollution impervious surface (road) increases stormwater runoff carries pollutants (tyre rubber, oil drips, etc.) from roads into natural streams
- 28. Automobile dependence and sustainability Planning needs to consider the basic relationship between: ◦ Transport - Accessibility - Environment Accessibility to Transport ◦ Need to relate housing and employment to public transport infrastructure Planning Strategy/ Current approach ◦ Urban consolidation / Urban compaction urban growth boundaries – no green field development, or prioritise in-fill development/ brown field sites over greenfield ◦ Public transport network
- 29. Some SD initiativesin WA: Network City Network City: ◦ Activity Centres ◦ Activity Corridors ◦ Transport Corridors 40% - 60% Greenfield + Infill projects targets Investments in Public Transport infrastructure + TravelSmart; Promoting TODs Liveable Neighbourhoods
- 30. MAJOR ELEMENTS •Activity centres: •a range of activities encouraged at these locations •Activity corridors: • they provide connections between activity centres with a variety of land uses that support public transport •Transport corridors: • routes for higher speed through traffic
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- 32. A precinct planis being prepared to integrate the rly station and the surrounding area (South Perth / Melville) •to develop the precinct as activity centre in the context of Network City •to promote TOD (transit oriented development) principles. Canning Bridge train station precinct
- 33. Regional Planning and Sustainability Regional Planning takes on SD approach ◦ SSS: State Sustainability Strategy ◦ EIA Requirements Triple Bottom Line Reporting ◦ Must consider plans/ policies w.r.t. economic, social and environmental performance (costs and benefits) ◦ Triple? – Quadruple ?– add one … ◦ governance, democracy/ public participation, culture, ethical commitment, spirituality
- 34. Governance example: Corporate SustainabilityReporting WA is promoting ‘corporate sustainability reporting’ (voluntary) initiatives by large corporations CSR - Corporate social responsibility reporting ◦ a tool used to communicate information about the company to shareholders, customers, investors ◦ expanding statutory financial reporting - to include report on social and environmental performance ◦ taken up by BHP, WMC, etc.
- 35. Liveable Streets Car FreeLiving - Germany •Quartier Vauban, Freiburg, Germany
- 36. Quartier Vauban, Germany Restricted car use and ownership To date, 40 percent of households have chosen to live car-free. Those with cars park in garages at the edge of town Tramway on main street Streets are shared spaces primarily designed for people, not cars.
- 37. Parking Policy Banparking on private property. Cars only allowed in to drop off “grannies and groceries”. On-street parking is only allowed on the main street
- 38. The new parkinglaw Residents opting to live car-free sign a declaration and join the Car-free Life Club. Membership fee is used to purchase a parcel of reserve land used for sports field or community garden etc. - but that could be converted to parking ◦ If a member later wishes to buy a car, s/he can pay for it and ask the Club to build a garage.
- 39. Livable Streets design Traffic Calming concepts in the Vauban include ‘shared space’ and very slow speed limits. 30 km/h Zone on all streets Play Streets Narrow street pavements. Bicycle Street – one-way streets for cars. Pedestrian-only paths
- 40. Liveable Neighbourhoods A setof principles to create: a built environment ◦ diversity of land use and population, ◦ scales – pedestrian, automobile and mass transit… ◦ public realm a fine-grained mixed use town ◦ neighbourhood centres ◦ higher density housing …. a highly-interconnected street network, ◦ traffic management for safety and comfort ◦ inter-modal transport - pedestrians, cyclists and transit-users sustainable growth management ◦ applied at the regional, as well as local scale
- 41. Liveable Neighbourhoodspromotes neighbourhood design: ◦ that favours pedestrians and cyclists ◦ that provides interconnected streets for better public transport accessibility ◦ that caters to various modes of transport in a balanced way rather than catering disproportionately to the mobility needs of car users. Liveable Neighbourhoods
- 42. Transport Integration Conceptof pedsheds - walkable catchment defined by the 400m radius Shared street space - managed traffic friction
- 43. Transport infrastructure provision A major shift in the approach Traditional view: ◦ catering to the demand for traffic generated by development Current view: ◦ managing (and reducing) the demand for travel to access facilities. Realisation: ◦ the ‘predict and provide’ approach has not worked for 50 years ◦ resulted in increased dominance of the private car.
- 44. Proposal by AustralianSustainable Built Environment Council Reduce the car dependency Reducing the need for mobility Compact cities – i.e. Rejection of a single function cities – residential cities Altering the morphology of cities – increasing urban density is only one part of the solution, with employment density, access to lower-emitting transport modes and alternative urban forms, such as ‘corridor cities’, providing answers Urban lifestyle issues: need to take a broader view of sustainability, urban lifestyles and liveability. While households in inner city areas consume less transport energy, they also consume more of other services that raise GHG emissions than households in suburban and rural areas
- 45. Built environment Sixinterrelated components Products, interiors, structures, landscapes, cities and regions. The large components are buildings and infrastructure. It includes interior spaces such as paint, carpet, furniture, and lighting fixtures which create a space and ambience for human activity.
- 46. Interesting Statistics Wespent 85% of our time indoors Large material required to construct, operate, and maintain a building has important consequences for engineers. Buildings generally uses approximately; ◦ one-third of the total energy, ◦ two-thirds of electricity, ◦ one-eighth of the water and ◦ transform land that provides valuable ecological services. ◦ In US 2-3% land is utilised for built environment but that has affected the ecosystem in 60% of land. Buildings account for 40% of global raw material use. Buildings should be one of the focal points if we want sustainability gains.