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Urban Problems II.pptx
The document discusses several major urban problems faced by developing countries: 1. High population density due to rural-urban migration leads to overcrowding, traffic, pollution, housing shortages, and poor living conditions. 2. Inadequate infrastructure like roads, power, water supply burden urban areas. 3. Lack of affordable housing and secure tenure puts many in vulnerable conditions and increases risk of health issues and poverty. 4. Unemployment rises as job growth fails to keep pace with population growth, worsening poverty.
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Introduction to urban problems, highlighting challenges faced in rapidly growing cities.
High population density leads to overcrowding, pollution, and housing shortages in developing countries.
Inadequate infrastructure is a significant urban issue, with poorly developed roads, power, and water supply.
Urban poverty is exacerbated by lack of secure housing, affecting millions globally, especially women.
Urbanization increases unemployment due to inadequate job creation, fueling poverty and economic growth issues.
Air pollution from vehicles poses serious health risks, exceeding World Health Organization standards.
Urban expansion threatens biodiversity, disrupting ecosystems and reducing access to vital resources.
Urbanization contributes to increased rates of noncommunicable diseases and infectious diseases.
Rising urban crime linked to poverty, unemployment, and socio-economic tension affecting safety.
Crime rates in urban areas have significantly increased; surveys show strong correlations with unemployment.
Multiple factors contribute to crime, including unemployment, policy inadequacies, and social dynamics.
Access to clean water and sanitation in urban Pakistan is critically low, impacting public health and economy.
The lack of affordable housing has caused confrontations and overcrowding, especially among low-income families.
Poor urban infrastructure leads to flooding during rainy seasons, disrupting transportation and safety.
Rapid urbanization leads to slum creation, requiring intervention projects for improvement and redevelopment.
Traffic congestion inhibits mobility in urban areas, necessitating traffic management and regulation.
There are significant gender disparities in urban employment, with women facing insecurity and lower returns.
Economic constraints lead households to alter consumption patterns, notably affecting women disproportionately.
Health influences urban poverty; poor health can trap families in poverty cycles, notably affecting male wage earners.
Few successful urban policies exist, but emerging strategies like healthcare cards and housing schemes show promise.
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Urban Problems II.pptx
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- 3. HIGH POPULATION DENSITY This problem of high population density is caused due to the heavy rate of migration from rural areas. The rapid population growth has led to an acute shortage of dwelling units which resulted to; overcrowding, traffic congestion, pollution, housing shortages (slum and squatter housing), high rents, poor urban living conditions, low infrastructure services, poverty, unemployment, and poor sanitation which has become pervasive and indeed high crime rate. All of these have an effect on the high population density in developing countries.
- 4. INADEQUATE INFRASTRUCTURES One majorserious aspect of the urban problem is the poor state of the infrastructures. Some developing countries are still faced with bad road network, lack of power supply, inadequate water supply and some basic amenities.
- 5. Housing Lack ofaccess to secure and safe housing is a central feature of urban poverty At least 600 million urban dwellers in Africa, Asia and Latin America live in housing that is so overcrowded and of such poor quality; with such inadequate provision for water, sanitation, drainage and garbage collection that their lives and their health is continually at risk (UNCHS)
- 6. There arealso gender dimensions to renting and gender-related constraints to owner-occupation Studies of Latin America and West Africa suggest that female-headed households are more likely to be tenants or sharers than owners Whilst a study in Bangladesh found that female-headed households and supported households were concentrated in the poorest and potentially most vulnerable housing conditions
- 7. Lack of Jobs Urbanization leads to a deficit in jobs. Businesses and governments cannot produce enough jobs to meet the demand of a fast-growing population. Unemployment rates soar as a result, causing people to apply for government-funded programs and benefits. The government loses money, reducing the amount of energy, health care, education, public transportation, waste management and physical security offered. Poverty spreads and stunts economic growth.
- 8. Air Pollution Suspendedparticulates in the air come from motor vehicle fuel combustion. Soot, dust, lead and smoke make up the particulates. They pose a serious threat to health. Lead alone can cause brain damage, learning disabilities and premature death in children. The World Health Organization stated suspended particulate concentration should add up to less than 90 micrograms per cubic meter. The suspended particulate concentration soars over that measurement in cities with a population of 8 million or more.
- 9. Biodiversity Threatened Citygrowth destroys natural areas flowing with new and endangered animal and plant life. No matter how small, each species plays an important role in how the Earth works. Without this variation in life, humans suffer. Biodiversity protects water and soil from contamination, stores and recycles nutrients, breaks down and absorbs pollutants and helps areas to recover faster from disasters. Biodiversity also provides people with medicine, food and air. Urbanization limits our access to these resources.
- 10. Disease Urbanization hasled to reduced physical activity and unhealthy nutrition. The World Health Organization predicts that by 2022 noncommunicable diseases such as heart disease will account for 69 percent of all deaths in developing countries. Another urbanization-related threat is infectious diseases. Air travel carries bacteria and viruses from one country to the next. In addition, people relocating from rural areas are not immune to the same diseases as long-time city residents, which puts them at a greater risk of contracting a disease.
- 11. Crime Rapid urbanizationaffects crime rates. Residents of different beliefs and behaviors thrown together suddenly do not have time to adjust or adapt to different viewpoints, leading to violence. The government's inability to prevent widespread poverty causes an increase in theft and other crimes. Frustration and alienation linked to a lower status, limited access to education, money and other resources push young people to join organized crime. The increase in population leads to an increase in crime rate. Due to the high level of urban unemployment increase in crime rates suffered by the majority of the people in Urban cities. "Without economic security and amid poor living conditions, crime is inevitable"
- 12. Crime Violation oflaw Wrong doing Infringement of rights of others
- 13. Street crimes Committedin streets Snatching Robbery Kidnapping Harassment
- 14. POPULATION CRIME RATE •Bernburg & Thorlindsson, 2005. •
- 15. Country wide report2006-7, 2008-9 Kidnapping increased 19,909 to 29,600 Rape increased 4300 to 5712 Car theft increased 42000 to 6110 (Ehsan shaukat,2010)
- 16. Q 01; Increasingcrime are due to the unemployment ? Agree 88% Disagree 12 % Q 02; Does political parties are cause crime? ( Karachi ) Yes 87% No 13% Q 03: Do you think expansive mobile phones have made an attraction for street crime? Yes 86% No 14 % Q 04: Poverty has caused the people to commit crimes ? Agree 91 % Disagree 9 % Q 05: Are law enforcement agencies doing their best to solve crime? Yes 32% No 68% (Hannah Irfan ,2008)
- 17. There isno single factor that can be specified as the main cause of criminal behavior Cause of crime differ from country to country ( Muhammad Ali Shuja , 2009) Positive association of crime with urbanization . Reasons: 1) Policy maker (planning of urbanization ) 2) Unemployment 3) income inequality (Hafiz Hanzai Jalil & Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal , 2010) Thousand of crime take place on a daily basis almost 50% crime are never registered by the police authority because of lack of legal awareness among the people (Malik Ayub Sumble,2011)
- 18. Water and Sanitation In most Pakistani cities, water is supplied only four to 16 hours per day and to only 50 percent of the population. According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), 90 percent of water supply schemes are unsafe for drinking. Shared latrines among households are common in cities and access to solid waste management services remains low. In the most population-dense areas of Karachi, one toilet is shared between twenty people . The World Bank estimates that poor sanitation costs Pakistan around 3.9 percent of GDP; diarrhea related death and disease among children under five being the largest contributors.
- 19. LACK OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING Lack of affordable housing has led to confrontations with well organized squatters, who take over unoccupied buildings to live rent- free or prevent demolitions. Which has brought about, lack of housing vacancy rate, due to the rapid job growth and housing costs that has increased. Problems such as insufficient housing, especially particular for low income families, are being faced, which resulted in overcrowding of already congested areas.
- 20. FLOODING Flooding isa very serious problem faced in urban areas, especially in developing countries, during the rainy seasons. The drainage is poorly constructed leading to difficulty in accessing the roads due to the flood leading to the flood disaster in some developing countries.
- 21. CREATION OF SLUM The growth of slums in cities is one of the serious problems created by the rapid industrialization and urbanization. The following projects are introduced to eliminate slums in urban societies; extensive slum clearance, rehabilitation and rebuilding, slum improvement scheme, construction of a network of expressways to alleviate urban decay and ensure the future propensity of the central areas, relocation of inhabitant to the suburb, slum upgrading scheme which makes provision of some basic amenities such as street lights, drainage, and accessible roads.
- 22. CONGESTION It couldbe in traffic and overcrowding. In traffic, there is an overcrowding of a route, leading to slow and inefficient flow which makes movement difficult. Large increases in motor vehicle usage have resulted in congestion on the roads. Congestion within urban areas restricts accessibility. Traffic flow could be controlled by various rules, regulation and signs which are used to keep traffic flow smoothly. The traffic flows helps to avoid collisions and other hazard.
- 23. Poverty, Employment andLivelihoods There is gender-differentiated access to employment and income- earning opportunities in urban areas. In general terms, there are two broad labour market trends: the feminization of the labour force; and the deregulation and casualistion of the labour market. The rise in female labour force participation can be attributed in part to a rise in demand for female labour in industries and in part to household survival strategies during economic restructuring.
- 24. There isevidence that in many countries gender segmentation in the labour market remains widespread (Gilbert 1997) and that women’s work remains characterized by insecurity and low returns.
- 25. Assets and ConsumptionPatterns Evidence from cities indicate that with declining incomes and high unemployment, households have modified their consumption and dietary patterns And have adjusted household expenditures, in many instances in the direction of cheaper and less nutritious substitutes. Women’s responses were mainly individual, taking greater cuts in their own consumption, spending more time shopping for bargains and working longer hours for poorer returns.
- 26. Urban Environment, Healthand Poverty The determinants of health in urban areas are complex, but social and cultural factors, including composition of the family and cultural restrictions are important (Fustukian 1996). Poor health can reduce capacity to earn an income, and health treatment can use up scarce savings or lead to debt.
- 27. For SouthAsia as a whole, it has been suggested that in the case of the urban poor, ill-health is the most important trigger pushing households into poverty and destitution, particularly when the sick person is the adult wage earner is male.
- 33. Urban Policy and Strategies Thereare relatively few examples given of successful policies in urban areas. The increasing sociological and anthropological work on urban issues may bring about some change. Examples Sehat cards Metro bus services Benazir income support Housing scheme