urbandesignar3901chapter1-230912100320-856df3de.pptx

URBAN DESIGN
UNIT I : URBANISM IN HISTORY
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Ar Prof Mani Sasidharan
Resubmitted – Prof Niveditha V
niveditha.arch19@gmail.com
+919551416510

CONTENT
• Outline of forces shaping urbanism.
• Urbanism of river valley civilisations.
• Morphology of pre industrial European
cities to include Greek and Roman
cities, medieval European towns,
Renaissance urbanism and ideal
cities.
• Outline of historic cities of
India.
• Temple town urbanism of Tamil
Nadu.
• Mughal city form.
• Medieval cities of India.
• Colonial urbanism in India.

GENERAL TERMS:
Urbanism is the study of how inhabitants
of urban areas, such as towns and cities,
interact with the built environment.
urba
n
Urbanization refers to growth of
population, in relation to rural
population
Urban design is the process of designing
and shaping the physical features of cities,
towns, and villages and planning for the
provision of municipal services to residents
and visitors.
Urban Agglomeration is a continuous
urban spread constituting a town and its
adjoining urban outgrowths (OGs) or
two or more physically contiguous towns
together and any adjoining urban
outgrowths of such towns.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN URBANISM AND URBAN DESIGN
 Urbanism is a lens through
which to view and interpret the
city
 Urbanism attempt to
understand how economic,
political, social, ecological
and cultural characteristics of
place affect urban form and
social life. (eg: New
Urbanism, landscape,
ecological, sustainable
urbanism etc.).
 Urbanism is a combination
of urban planning, design,
architecture, and sociology.
 Urban design on the other
hand, moves beyond
the study of space; it
is the practice of
actively shaping the city
in a desired fashion.
 Urban designers improve
the
livability of cities by
translating plans into
physical
strategies, establishing
design.
 Designing the space
between buildings,
and arranging
public spaces, streets,
blocks,
neighborhoods and
URBANISM URBAN DESIGN

Urbanism of river valley civilizations
 Mesopotamian civilization – 3500
BC to 1600 BC
 Egyptian civilization – 3000 BC to
2000 BC
 Indus valley civilization –
2500 BC TO 1700 BC
 Chinese or yellow river
valley civilization – 3950 BC –
1000 BC
Fig: M a p showing the location of 4 river valley civilization.
Mesopotamian civilization is the most ancient civilization recorded in human history until
now. The name Mesopotamia derived from Greek word mesos, meaning middle and
potamos, meaning river. The civilization Flourished along River Tigris and River
Euphrates is majorly known for is prosperity, city life and its rich and voluminous
literature, mathematics and astronomy

Character of the mesopatomia cities
Walled city
hot, dry climate.
Formed governments
Leaders took charge of food, supplies & building projects
Made laws to keep order
Assembled armies to fend off enemies
Irrigated 3 main crops – Barley, Dates and Sesame seeds.
Water managed by built canals, dikes, dams and drainage system.
Literature: Cuneiform writing
Invensions: Calendars to tell time, early use of wheel, plow &
sailboat.
 Trading: Barley, wool, cloth, stone, metal, copper,
timber, pearls and ivory.
Land reforms: Individual can only rent land from priests and the
profits
goes for temple
Ziggurats are largest temple built in these ages.
 Construction technique: They mixed the mud with
crushed reeds, formed bricks & left them in the sun to dry.The
bricks were waterproof and used for walls in homes, temples &
other buildings.
Occupation: Farming, artisans, merchants or traders
 Social classes: 1. Upper Class: kings, priests & government
officials2.
Middle
Class: artisans, merchants, farmers, fishers3. Lower Class:

Egyptian civilization – 3000 BC to 2000
BC
They were many specialized cities such as those based on trade. Others, for
example, were made up of artisans, craftsmen and workers related to various
royal projects. Important Cities includes Amarna (Akhetaten) , Maadi, Memphis,
Thebes.

CHARACTER
 The economy of pharaonic Egypt is specialized bureaucracy.
 The wealth of the economy: Agriculture: Grain, vegetables & fruit., Wheat,
Beer, Wine, flax and hemp,
papyrus were cultivated, Bricks, oil were manufactured and Rocks,
metals, salt were mined locally in Egypt., Rearing of cattle, goats, pigs and
fowl, in addition to fishing. Tax levied on the goods increased the income.
 Divine Kingship- Pharaoh was not only the King (political ruler) but also a god.
The Pharaoh
was associated with Horus. Due to their beliefs, the Pharaoh held an
immense power. Belief led to the development of elaborate mortuary cult and
extensive funerary architecture.
 BUILDING MATERIALS MUD BRICKS: Mixture of mud, straws and stones,
Poured in
wooden frames or shaped into bricks, left to harden in the sun and also used
LIMESTONE: Grades of limestone from the core to the exterior, Later the
limestone was cut in small
blocks deducing the time of transportation and labour. BASALT is
used for flooring and GRANITE is used for monolithic obelisk,used on inner
walls.
 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS: Most cities grew organically around administration, the
clustering of facilities, an important religious center or construction site.

Indus valley civilization – 2500 BC TO 1700 BC
Fig: Mohenjo Daro city
layout
Indus valley Civilization: The Indus Valley Civilisation was a Bronze
Age civilisation in the north-western regions of South Asia, lasting
from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its

Fig: Street layout and built-infrastructure found in Mohenjo Daro
mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. This civilization consists of large towns
and small settlements namely Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Pathani Damb, Dholavira,
Lothal
etc. Among them Harrappa and Mohenja-daro are the most important settlement

Mohenjo Daro City Planning:
 It is a fort free city constructed into two parts: Upper citadel and lower citadel.
 Upper citadel consists of public and semi-public buildings such as palace,
institution, great
bath, gallery etc.
 Lower citadel consists of residential and commercial
activity. Street laid in Grid pattern.
 Major Street run in N-S direction. Zoning was distinct for distinct groups,
commerce at the
meeting of east road and First Street, near palace.
 Planned with rectilinear buildings arranged on a grid plan. Sites were often
raised, or built on manmade hills.
 Excellent planning of drainage and sanitation system.
 Wells and reservoir provides drinking and bathing water needs.
 Courtyard type of houses with ground and first floor.
 Few residence share same wall forming row of houses.
 Economy generated through Agriculture, making seal, trade and commerce

CHARACTERS OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:
Place of worship and seat of Government became
the main focal point of
settlement planning.
Highly influenced by caste system, social
and occupational structure.
Social security is given priority – Town
gates are located
and oriented based
on cardinal direction.
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Morphology of pre-industrial European cities Greek and Roman cities
Pre-industrial refers to a time before there were machines and tools to help perform
tasks en masse. Pre-industrial civilization dates back to centuries ago, but the main era
known as the pre-industrial society occurred right before the industrial society. Pre-
Industrial societies vary from region to region depending on the culture of a given
area or history of social and political life. Europe was known for its feudal system and
the Italian Renaissance.
Greek and Roman cities
Western civilization and Western cities trace their roots to ancient Greece. By 600 B.C.,
over five hundred towns and cities existed on the Greek mainland and surrounding
islands . With expansion, cities spread throughout the Mediterranean — to the north
shore of Africa, to Spain, southern France, and Italy. Cities rarely had more than 5,000
inhabitants.
Greek civilization occurred in the area around the Greek mainland, on a peninsula
that extends into the Mediterranean Sea. It started in cities on the Greek
mainland and on islands in the Aegean Sea.
Most of the Greek mainland was rocky and barren and therefore bad for
agriculture. Most Greeks therefore lived along the coastline or on islands where the
soil was good for farming. The Aegean and Mediterranean Seas provided a means
of communication and trade with other places.

The Greek Polis
 Source of Greek Creativity.
 Each citizen was expected to participate
in the polis.(political life, economic
relation , spiritual worship , social
events ).
 Self governing city.
 Not large cities.
 Plato thought ideal city should have
5,000 citizen.
Site and Culture
 No floods.
 Abundant and diverse resources.
 Fish, grain, grapes, olives, chestnuts,
figs.
 Many isolated valleys and islands
(natural barriers)
 Sea
 Isolation meant greater security, so
power took a less aggressive formboth
The ancient Greek civilization had established principles for planning and designing
cities. City form were of two types: Old cities such as Athens had irregular street plans
reflecting their gradual organic development. Certain things were common among cities:
The overall division of spaces in 3 parts: acropolis, agora and the town, the fortification
etc.
Earliest versions of the Buildings in the Acropolis existed until 480 BC and was rebuilt in
450 BC. The Agora was the most important gathering place in a Greek city. It started
as an open area where the council of the city met to take decisions. With time buildings
were constructed to define and enclose the space It also transformed into a place for
combined social, commercial and political activities.
It was placed to be easily accessible from all directions. In many cities, it is also
located close to the Acropolis.

The acropolis in Athens was
a religious precinct located
on one of the hills of
the city.
The acropolis combined
Doric orders and ionic
orders in a perfect
composition in four
buildings; the Propylea, the
Parthenon, the
Erechtheumn, and
the temple of Nike.
.
The Agora was the most important
gathering place in a Greekcity. It
started as an open area where the
council of the city met to take
decisions.
With time buildings were constructed
to define and enclose the space It also
transformed into a place for combined

It emerged as the heart of Greek intellectual life and discourse. It was usually located on
a flat ground for ease of communication. It was placed to be easily accessible from all
directions. In many cities, it is also located close to the Acropolis.
Roman cities
Romans adopted many urban traits from the Greeks and the Etruscans, whom the
Romans had conquered and absorbed in northern Italy. As the empire expanded,
city life diffused into areas that had not previously experienced urbanization France,
Germany, England, interior Spain, the Alpine countries, and parts of eastern Europe As
the empire expanded, city life diffused into areas that had not previously
experienced urbanization.
• Most cities were established as military (castra) and trading outposts.
• Focal points for collection of local agricultural products. Supply centers for the
military.
• Gridiron street pattern was used in later Greek cities — example of Pavia, Italy.
• Temples of worship, administrative buildings and warehouses. Also libraries,
schools, and marketplaces serving the common people.
• Bordered by everything important: temples, offices, jails, butcher shops. Public
processions and ceremonies took place there. For a mainly pedestrian population,
the surrounding colonnade was a very important urban design feature

Roman Cities- Coliseum < colossus < colossus (something extremely huge). Altered in
English
to ―coliseum‖, held between 60,000 and 90,000. Dwarfed by the
―Circus Maximums‖ (lost). Over a mile of plumbing pipes supplied public drinking
fountains and lavatories. Was used by the Romans for everything from naval
competitions to gladiatorial competitions Was used in the Middle Ages as a living
space, grazing space, and fortress.
Roman Cities- Public baths, Pompeii. Romans took public bathing to an extreme: hot,
cold, and lukewarm pools, places to get a massage or work out, even reading rooms.
Temples built on the Greek model, with prominent colonnades.
In A.D. 79, the nearby Mount Vesuvius volcano erupted. It spewed smoke and toxic gas
20 miles into the air, which soon spread to the town. Almost overnight, Pompeii—and
many of its 10,000 residents—vanished under a blanket of ash.

Medieval European town:
Medieval period lasted roughly from A.D. 1000 to 1500. Time of renewed urban
expansion in Europe and Urban life spread north and east in Europe.
In only four centuries, 2,500 new German ―cities were founded. Most cities of
present-day Europe were founded during this period Revival of local and long-distance
trade resulted from a combination of factors.
Agricultural expansion through new land reclamations and New Agricultural
technologies Trading networks required protected markets and supply
centers, functions that renewed life in cities Long- distance trading led to the
development of a new class of people .
The merchant class towns rapidly developed along the coasts of the north, in
France, England, and the Netherlands. They spread out west along the
Mediterranean coast, with Avignon, Barcelona and Granada in Spain taking
prominence.
Medieval towns primarily developed their independence as a result of
wealth being transferred around Europe.
We see the development ofgreat towns and centres of trade and industry along the
English Channel, facilitating the Scandinavian trade in Herring and an Anglo-Flemish
cloth trade, bringing great wealth to their respective countries and thus power to the
burghers who inhabited them.

The city-states of Italy monopolised markets in carriage and eventually in cloth
itself, and with little feudal influence to start with were able to act as self-governing
bodies from the beginning.
Monarchal power and influence certainly developed whichever town they had
their dynastic power base in, and it‘s through this that we see the growth of London
and Paris, though their attraction to merchants is not to be ignore .
Representation of Medieval

Paris, France: has very strong Medieval roots from the churches on its central Cite
island to the tight streets of the Latin Quarter. If this list was for pure Gothic feel, Paris
would rank higher.
Medieval Town Hirsch horn is Neckar, Germany This town reveals three important
features of urban morphology: castle, wall, and cathedral. Hirsch horn castle caps the
summit of a fortified spur in the bend of the Neckar River, affording a clear view.
people to
build
The river and forested valley. Site factors have also limited expansion
forcing onto the walls.
The major functions of the medieval city are depicted in symbols
The fortress
Usually cities were clustered around a fortified place. Reflected in place
namely German -burg, French -Bourg, English -burgh all meaning a fortified castle.
The terms burgher and bourgeoisie, originally referred to a citizen of the medieval
city The charter.
Governmental decree from a regional power granting political autonomy to the town
Freed the population from feudal restrictions and Made the city responsible for its
own defence
and government which Allowed cities to coin their own money. These freedoms
contributed to development of urban social, economic, and intellectual life.

The marketplace
City depended on the countryside for food and produce was traded in the market. It has
been
a Center for long-distance trade linking city to city
The wall
Symbol of the sharp distinction between country and city. Within the wall most
inhabitants were free; outside most were serfs and hence People inside were able to
move about with little restriction. Goods entering the gates were inspected and taxed
here Nonresidents were issued permits for entry, but often required to leave by
sundown when the gates were shut.
Meeting space for city‘s political leaders and Market hail for storage and display of finer
goods.
Town hall and castle
Had two distinct complexes of buildings at it center Formed an enclosed square, so
named the building straddled a canal where goods could be directly brought directly in
from barges. On adjacent edge of marketplace was the great ball that served as
meeting spot for merchant class.

Renaissance urbanism
Form and function of the city changed significantly during the period of renaissance
(1500 — 1600) and baroque (1600-1800) periods.
The medieval street was functionally inadequate, aesthetically ill- considered, and
lacking in
unifying qualities. Such a condition contributed to the multi-centric quality of the
medieval city.
The ideas of the Renaissance planners, coupled with a creative use of power upon the
parts of leaders of church and state, brought a reconstruction which gave a form of unity
to cities of multiple powers, and gave to the citizen a visible understanding of his
position within the hierarchy of power of the city.
Church and State
The interplay of church and rising state powers during the Renaissance served to
vastly alter the social structure of the Italian city. The importance of the citizen
declined markedly,

This disruption of traditional functions within pre-existing urban public spaces did,
however, have the utility of easing acceptance of their functions, and the resettlement of
activities into proper locations within the new pattern.
The churches and palaces, as representations of the real power of the Renaissance
city, the real focus of the major activities of the citizen‘s lives, were logical focal points
toward which to orient the new street systems. The cities of Parma, Ferrara, Turino,
Florence, and Rome in
Northern and Central Italy, and the cities of Naples and Catania in Southern Italy
and Sicily serve as useful examples of the actual interpretation of Renaissance street
planning concepts and necessities.
Ferrara
In 1492, the city of Ferrara successfully resisted an attack by Venice. A need to
reinforce the city against further attacks was seen, with the necessary
requirements to fulfill of building new walls and brining essential industries into the
safety of the city.
The addition to the city, the ―Addizione Erculea, was planned by Biagio Rossetti,
who was considered to be the first urban planner of modern Europe..
Rossetti was motivated by the classical gridiron city plans of Hippodemeous,
and by the
economy of construction provided by the quadrangular form.

The centralizing point of the juncture was the old fortress in the center of the wall,
thus
reinforcing its symbolic position as the force which made the new addition to the city
possible.
The city of Ferrara secretly purchased much of the rural land which was to
be included within the new walls before announcing its expansion plans. In such a way,
real
estate speculation was prevented to a great degree, and a more correct
implementation of the
plan was relatively well assured.
The city of Ferrara secretly purchased much of the rural land which was to
be included within the new walls before announcing its expansion plans. In such a way,
real
estate speculation was prevented to a great degree, and a more correct
implementation of the plan was relatively well assured.
This action revealed the relatively limited nature of Renaissance renewal operations, for
they were concentrated in the capital cities of independent states and at the site of
other royal residences.
Seldom did conquered cities or other subsidiary cities experience any real efforts
towards a

Turino
The 16th Century change in the economy of Northern Italy, as the importance of
agriculture decreased, combined with a multitude of wars which often rendered the
countryside unsafe, producing a large migration of people into the cities.
At the time, Turino was one of the most economically viable and politically active cities
in all of Italy.
In Turino, as in many other cities, the contemporary idealistic tendency for
centralization of the city, by connecting points of major interest with the street
In Turino, the majority of these major points, the cathedral, ducal palace, theater,
archives,
university, seminary, and civic government, were centralized in one small area on the
northern side of the city, the ―Zone ofCommand. The major eastern gate of the city was
connected.
Turino over the countryside, the street itself was focused upon the castle-like Palazzo
Madama at the Zone of Command.The entry into the city at the opposite end of the
street
was created as a very large, completely ordered piazza serving to funnel all traffic into
the street.
The creation of continuity witharcaded facades similar to each other in design along
the
principle portions of the street produced an elegant, regal atmosphere.
Altogether, the effect
of the two end piazzas
The grand street between them was one of absolute power and dignity, creating

IDEAL CITIES.
An ideal city is the concept of a plan for a city that has been conceived in
accordance with a particular rational or moral objective. The ground
plans of ideal cities are often based on grids (in imitation of Roman
town planning) or other geometrical patterns.
The ideal town was seen as a utopia to be achieved by disregarding the
reasonably regular planimetrics of real, historic towns for standards –
geometric, aesthetic or otherwise – of ideal perfection.
Examples of the ideal cities include
Filarete's "Sforzinda", a description of which
was included in ‗Trattato di architettura‘
(1465). The city of Sforzinda was laid out
within an eight-pointed star inscribed within
a circular moat. Further examples may
have been intended to have
so-called "Urbino"
and
the
into
the
panels
century),
(second half
of
which
show
classically
been
read
"Baltimore
" fifteenth
influenced
architecture disposed in
logically
planned
piazzas.

The cities of Palmanova and Nicosia, whose Venetian Fortesses were built in
the 1590s by the Venetian Republic, are considered to be practical examples
of the concept of the ideal city.
Palmanova is a town and comune in northeast Italy. The town is an example
of a star
fort of the late Renaissance, built up by the Venetian Republic in 1593.
Palmanova was supposed to be a utopia. inhabited by self-sustaining
merchants, craftsmen, and farmers. The builders imposed geometrical
harmony into its design believing that beauty reinforces the wellness of a
society. Each road and move was carefully calibrated and each part of the plan
had a reason for being.
Even the fortifications were built with the Utopian concept in mind, with the
outer ramparts looking simply like a forest as the town was approached–
essentially hiding it from potential enemies. This effect is still evident today in
stark contrast to the very visible hill towns common in most other regions of
Italy.
Late nineteenth-century examples of the ideal city include the Garden city
movement of Sir Ebenezer Howard, realised at Letchworth Garden City and

Outline of historic cities of India.
Similar to Vastu-sastra in Architecture, in ancient historical India Manasara
shilpa sastra talks about settlement planning. The list of few other sastras
related to planning is listed below. Even from the ancient age they follow
certain principles to plan their settlement layout.
SASTRA ASPECT
Sthapatya Veda Layout of a city
Smriti Shastra Street layouts (micro
and macro)
Mansara Shilpa Shastra Gram Vidhana and
Nagara Vidhana
Rig Veda Advanced Vastu Shilpa
In anciend period, different terms are used to define the settlement
planning. Planning for Grama (village) is represented as sannivesa (village
planning), planning for Griha (house) is termed as Vinyasa (House planning),
For Nagara (Town) Sannivasa (Town planning) is used and planning for
prasada (Big building)
is represented as Vinyasa. Based on Manasara Shilpa shastra , the town is
classified into ten types.

MANDUKA PARAMASAYIKA DANDAKA
SARVATHOBHADRA
CHATHUMUKA

KARMUKA
SWASTIKA PRASTHARA
Types of settlement seen in ancient period are listed
below.
Grama Sannivesa (village planning)
Griha Vinyasa (house planning)
Nagara Sannivasa (town planning)
Durga Sannivasa (planning of forts)
Prasada Vinyasa (planning of
big buildings)

The concept followed in ancient town planning is as follows.
1.Place of worship and seat of Government became the main focal
point
of settlement planning.
2.Highly influenced by caste system, social and occupational
structure.
3.Social security is given priority – Town gates are located and
oriented based on cardinal direction.
4.Specific area like markets, Handicrafts, Manufacturing
areas, institutional and recreational facilities was
earmarked.
5.In ancient period the planning of villages and towns are similar
and the habitat is more close to nature.
6.Towns are furnished with better facility than village with public
amenity and institutions.

Temple town urbanism of Tamil Nadu.
During hindu period of time, large number of towns flourished as capital towns
and religious towns. Main principle adopted in planning was to strengthen
regional linkages and Dominant security aspects. The layout of the city is laid
and governed under the King. During Maurga and Gupta periods, separate
urban planning and development agencies were involved. Few examples of
Hindu period town planning is Madurai, Srirangam, Kanchipuram, Kumbakonam,
Chidambaram etc.
Urban In Srirangam
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Ranganatha (a
form of Vishnu), located in Srirangam , Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
Constructed in the Dravidian architectural style, the temple is glorified by
Alvars in
their Naalayira Divya Prabhandam.
and has the unique distinction of being the foremost among the 108
Divya Desams dedicated to the god Vishnu.
The temple site is on a large island bounded by the Kaveri River and Kollidam River.
It is vast and planned as a temple town with Sapta-Prakaram design where the
sanctum, gopuram, services and living area are co-located in seven concentric
enclosures.

Some of these structures have been renovated, expanded and rebuilt over the centuries
as a living temple. The latest addition is the outer tower that is approximately 73 metres
(240 ft) tall, completed in 1987.
Architecture
The temple is enclosed by 7 concentric enclosures with courtyards (termed prakarams
or mathil suvar). Each layer has walls and gopurams, which were built or fortified in and
after
the 16th century.
The temple occupies an area of 155 acres (63 ha) with 81 shrines, 21 towers, 39
pavilions, and many water tanks integrated into the complex making it the world's
largest functioning Hindu temple.
These walls total 32,592 feet (9,934 m) or over six miles. The temple has
17 major gopurams (towers, 21 total).
39 pavilions, 50 shrines, 9 sacred water pools, Ayiram kaal mandapam (a hall of 1000
pillars) and several small water bodies inside.
The temple is aligned to the north-south and east-west axis, on an island surrounded by
the Kaveri River. The river has long been considered sacred, and called the Daksina Ganga
or the "Ganges of the South".

The urban pattern is arranged based on community and occupation pattern.
Fortification: Gopurams are seen as town gates, 4 concentic gateways.
Planning of the Agraharams followed a grid iron or concentric ring
patterns, with the temple forming the main focus.
The temple, besides a shrine for the Worship, has generated many
activities which in turn, acted as the dynamic factor determining the
physical, socio cultural and economic Profile of the city.
Public and semipublic activity such as institutions, temples, Palaces,
social gathering space is planning in the inner core of the city.
House type: Row house with pitched roof – single or double storey.
Main activity in the city: trading, cultural festive, education and
administrative function.
Street pattern: volume and character of the street network change
when we move from periphery to the center of the temple.
The patterns in which the ramparts are built with roads leads
through the
gopuram emphasize the centrality of the temple.

Mughal city form and Medieval cities of India
A large number of kingdoms flourished in the northern Indian region. Great
cities were developed and prospered. Few of the special features of medival town
planning are shown below.
Persians came to india and flouristed their prosperty in
India. Mix of Persian and Indian type of planning is
observed.
Religion, military & politics formed the basis of city
planning.
Town planned based on location of Place of worship, Royal Gardens,
Baghs and Bazars.
Love for symmetry and axial planning.
Enriched with beauty in the skyline of the town.
Medieval towns, whether in India or anywhere else, were walled,
encircled by an outside moat. The town resembled ―an island when its
gates were locked at sundown (forts and defence system).

This age is highly influenced by Muslium, hence also known as muslim
period. The way they used to plan is the combination of Indian style and
Arabic (Mughal style). By Shah Jahan‘s time, the Muslims in India had
partially Indianized. Under
the Mughals, they were mainly an urban community, and there life was closely linked
to religious event, as well as to ceremonies and festivals or ritual events Few
examples of Medival period of town planning are Jodhpur, Varanasi, Shahjahanabad,
Jaipur etc.
Planning of Shahjahanabad:
 Planning under the reign of Shah Jahan.
 The city was planned according to hindu planning Karmuka‘ of shilpashastra from
vastu- shastra.
 The Mughal system of planning was based on give and take. Private
enterprise and individual initiative also became part of planning.
 At the centre of this settlement was Qila-i-Mubarak, the palace-fortress.
 The city was encircled with a 14 walls and forts.
 Jama Masjid was constructed on an elevated site near the fort.
 Two main boulevards cross perpendicularly and the junction of the two main axes

Streets were narrow and crooked. Two major streets developed as commercial
arteries.
The arm of the archer was Chandni Chowk.
The junction of the two main axes is the most auspicious point in the whole
region and was therefore the red fort.
Chandni
Chowk.

Notable achievement of the Mughals.
1.26 miles west of agra.
2.A great complex of residential, official
and religious buildings
3.Rectangular area of 2 miles and 1 mile
braod. Habitation lasted only for one
generation.
4.Departed from the conventional idea of
building isolated structures linked together by
streets, due to the limited space.
5.City with no streets, but an arrangement of
broad terraces and stately courtyard around
which are grouped pavilions and palaces
These cities had their own kind of morphology because this morphology was
influenced by both internal and external factors. These cities are to a great extent
influenced by various kinds of trade, internal and external. Different kinds of mughal
cities: Capital cities – Agra, Delhi, Lucknow, Lahore, Fatehpur Sikri Provincial Head
quarters – Cities in Bengal, Ahmadabad in Gujarat. Port towns – Surat, Hoogly,
Cambay. Market towns – developed into bigger cities like Borhanpur in the Deccan.

Market towns / kasba – These grow simply because of the neighboring
regional situations. These are the towns where the villages combine to have
some kind of a
trading centre and they grow because of particular economic, social or
religious reasons.
Religious towns – Example Gaya, Ajmer (incase of the Muslims), Mathura
Vribdavan (in case of the Vaishnavites. There were different kinds of cities and
in Mughal India no city is similar to another except in certain broad features.
Small Cities along the road sometime coming up or declining depending of
the trade, commerce including political casualties. There is an movement inside
the city, a kind of a winding small road, also covered with shops, maybe on one
side, called Mohallas in Persian. So there is a static position of the city – the
chowk, the street – and this static position has conflict with the movement
inside. It is moving city with political movement, sometimes, social
movement, sometimes festivals but a movement is always there. In this
morphology in which we find one of the straight, broad avenue and the
others cutting across at different angles, smaller winding lanes going
through city there is no class distinction in residential areas. Mughal Capital
Cities: The first Mughal capital city was established in Delhi in 1526. It was
shifted to Agra and then Akbar built an entirely new city at fatehpur Sikri.

Certain basic elements that
was common to these
cities:
The location of the king or lord
either on a high ground on one side of
the city or on the river bank.
The second major element was
the mosque – Jama Masjid – the cultural
focal point for the Muslim
residents of the city.
Every city of this period had a
central market place situated at the main
chowk or crossroad of the city.
Another element, though not
universal, was the outer wall constructed
for the purpose of defense. The cities,
with the exception of Shahjahanabad were
unplanned with overlapping residential,
commercial and industrial land
uses. Fatehpur Sikri – Akpar

Colonial urbanism in India.
In the late 19th century Britian became the most urbanized nation. When they
started to rule India; Calcutta, Bombay and Madras became leading
administrative, commercial and industrial cities. In 1911, the capital of British
India was shifted to Delhi and it became a modern commercial and
administrative area.
The organized efforts for the Town Planning started during British colonial
period in India, which not only provided legal support, but also provided a
guideline for preparing planning proposals.

M a p showing colonial settlement in
Chennai city.
Few characters of British period of town planning (port
city) are shown below;
 Migration in large quantity to cities
in search of work as industries was
introduced.
 No proper planning resulted in
Laissez faire manner of development..
Crowed settlements leading to
unhygienic
environment.
British settlements were known as
‗white
towns‘ furnished with wider streets and
palatial halls and gardens
Introduction of railway.
Transportation networks are widening.
Distraction of natural resources.
Formation of white town and black town.
Change in built environment.
Poor sanitation.
The first efforts of modern town planning in India had originated in 1864 with the
appointment of the Sanitary Commission in these erstwhile presidencies of
Madras, Bombay and Bengal.

1864 Sanitary
Commissio
n
Presidencies • Focused on public health.
• Examine new plans for
barracks and hospitals ;
• Decide on the laying out of
stations and bazaars, the sanitary
improvement of native towns,
prevention and mitigation of
epidemic diseases,
• Constant oversight on the
sanitary
condition of the population
Trade and colonization happened in hand be hand. The city is
characterise
by
Increased population,
Change in Architecture and Urban structure.
Introduction of development commissions, authority and acts to control
the
development.

Table: Development commissions, authority and acts during this
period
1908
-09
Provide
d funds
Municipal Government • used these grants for
town extensions and
town improvements.
1915 Town
Planning
act
Bombay town planning act,
1915 Madras town planning
act,
1920 Madhya Pradesh town
planning act, 1948 Jammu and
Kashmir town planning act,
1963
• To providing goodphysical
environment and
concentrating on Area
Developments.
• To prepare town
planning schemes.
1931 Town
and
Improve
ment
trust acts
Bihar town planning and
Improvement
trust act, 1931
• Improvement of sanitation
of towns and regulatory
measures.

Example of pre-independent city: Lutyen‘s
Delhi – Capital city
Example of pre-independent city: Lutyen‘s
Delhi – Capital city

New Delhi - planning
•Lutyens' Delhi is an area in New Delhi.
•Named after the leading British architect Edwin Lutyens (1869–
1944),
who
was
when India was part
of
responsible for much of the architectural design and
building the British Empire in the 1920s and 1930s.
•City planned central administrative area
•Reserved one-third of area - green space.
•At the heart of the city was the impressive Rashtrapati Bhawan (Viceroy's
House), located on the top of Raisina Hill.
•The Rajpath, also known as King's Way, connects India Gate to Rashtrapati
Bhawan.
•Janpath, which crosses it at a right angle, connects South End Road (renamed
as
Rajesh Pilot Marg) with Connaught Place.
•Rashtrapati Bhavan - 340-rooms in main building that includes president's
official residence, halls, guest rooms and offices, ncludes huge
presidential gardens, large open spaces, residences of bodyguards and
staff, stables, other offices and utilities within itsperimeter walls.
•Parliament House- Originally called the House of Parliament.
•Connaught Place- financial, commercial and business centres, having two

• India Gate is a war memorial located astride the Rajpath, on the eastern edge of the
‗ceremonial axis‘ of New Delhi, formerly called Kingsway. India gate is a memorial to
82,000 soldiers of the undivided Indian Army who died in the period
1914– 21 in the First World War.
• Lodhi Gardens- city park Spread over 90 acres contains, Mohammed Shah's Tomb.

THANK
YOU
Submit your assignments
Any more queries?
Connect via
Resubmitted – Prof Niveditha V niveditha.arch19@gmail.com +919551416510
Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_architecture
https://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/
https://cac.annauniv.edu/aidetails/afug_2017_fu/B.%2
0Arch.%20(I%20-%20X).pdf

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