Uremic Encephalopathy in End Stage Renal Disease A Case Report

Uremic Encephalopathy in End Stage Renal Disease A Case Report

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  International Journal ofTrend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) Volume: 3 | Issue: 4 | May-Jun 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 - 6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD23945 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2019 Page: 816 Uremic Encephalopathy in End Stage Renal Disease: A Case Report Becky Maria Biju1, Anitha Mathew1, Biji Joseph2 1PHARM.D (Doctor of Pharmacy) Interns, 2PHARM.D PB Intern 1,2Pushpagiri Medical College Hospital, Thiruvalla, Kerala, India How to cite this paper: Becky Maria Biju | Anitha Mathew | Biji Joseph "Uremic Encephalopathy in End Stage Renal Disease: ACaseReport"Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- 6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4, June 2019, pp.816-817, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.c om/papers/ijtsrd23 945.pdf Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Journal. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4. ABSTRACT UREMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY is an acute or sub-acute organic brain syndrome that occurs in patients with advanced renal failure and is frequently associated with GFR less than 10ml/min/1.73m2. Under conditions of renal failure where the blood level of urea is high. The common symptoms include sluggishness, fatigue, day time drowsiness, insomnia, slurring of speech, anorexia,myoclonus, asterixis, aphasic episode, coma and convulsion. In this case a 69-year-old male patient with history of ESRD, was presented withcertain neurologicalsymptoms associated with uremic encephalopathy. This case report adds to theprevalence of uremic encephalopathy associated with end stage renal disease and the importance of hemodialysis to resolve the clinical manifestations. KEYWORDS: End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), Glomerular Filtration Rate(GFR), Encephalopathy, Chronic Kidney Disease(CKD) INTRODUCTION UREMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY is an acute or sub-acute organic brain syndrome that occurs in patients with advanced renal failure and is frequently associated with GFR less than 10ml/min/1.73m2 . Under conditions of renal failure where the blood level of urea is high, the amount of urea entering the renal vein and subsequently into the gut is high. This is acted upon by urease produced by colonic bacteria converting it to ammonia. Urea acts as a uremic toxin only at extreme levels. At such levels it inhibits argininosuccinate lysate and could exert feedback inhibition of ureaproduction possiblybychannelingwastenitrogen into more toxic compounds like ammonia, carbamate or cyanate. Though ammonia is toxic, systemic blood ammonia levels are normal or only minimally elevated in uremia. Some of the symptoms of uremia especially nausea, vomiting, malaise and possibly bleeding are partly due to its intoxication with urea or a product of urea metabolism which could be ammonia. The patients with uremic encephalopathy display variable disorders of consciousness, psychomotorbehavior,thinking, memory, speech, perception, and emotions. The common symptoms include sluggishness, fatigue, day time drowsiness, insomnia, slurring of speech, anorexia, myoclonus, asterixis, aphasic episode, coma and convulsion. The pathophysiology behind the condition is due to the accumulation of uremic toxins in the brain. The severe neurologic symptoms of uremic encephalopathy such as seizure, confusion, myoclonus, slurring of speech and asterixis are usually improved after a few runs of dialysis. METHODS: A retrospective medical analysis of 69-year-oldmalepatient with CKD associated uremicencephalopathy,admittedtothe Department of Nephrology, Pushpagiri Medical College hospital. CASE REPORT: A 69year-old male patient with significant past medical history was admitted to the nephrology ward with urinary incontinence (from the day before admission) , slurring of speech ,asterixis (for 3 days) and weakness foe upper right limb and lower limb with marked difficulty in walking since one week. He felt like falling down while walking. He had no of loss of consciousness, seizures, chest pain, fever and breathlessness during those days. He had past medical history of an acute ischemic stroke with right side hemiparesis. He had known compliance of CKD on hemodialysis since 1 month. Now 5 sessionsof hemodialysis had been carried out. Also, he had diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, hypertensionand vascularParkinsonismforlast 15 years. On examination, the patient’s blood pressure was 160/70mmHg, pulse rate and respiratory rate was 82 /min and 22/min respectively. Gastrointestinal and cardiovascular system examination reveals normal functioning. The patient’s blood test results are given in the table given below: IJTSRD23945
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  International Journal ofTrend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD23945 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2019 Page: 817 Parametees Day1 Day2 Day3 Day4 Day5 HB 6.2 8.2 8 7.8 9.8 TC 14300 FBS 91 82 96 86 72 Na+ 135 136 134 136 137 K+ 2.9 3.3 3.9 4.6 4.4 Ca+ 8.6 Urea 169 151 142 133 119 Cr. 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.3 5.2 Urine out put 500/500 1000/1300 1000/1500 1350/1750 750/1200 Since the patient was presented with severe anemia, packed red blood cells were infused on second day. In order to correct the hypokalemic state, potassium supplementswere given. The physiotherapy was initiated by the second day itself in order to improve the mobility. Hemodialysis was performed on alternate days along with regularmedications for BP, vascular Parkinsonism, and diabetes.After 3sessions of hemodialysis the symptoms were found to be improved. The patient was admitted for 5 days and at the time of discharge the patient was symptomatically stable and advised to review in OP for the follow up with RFT reports. DISCUSSION: Uremic encephalopathy usually presents with alterations in mental status fluctuating from mild sensorial clouding to delirium and coma. Besides the general symptom complex of encephalopathy, headache, focal motor signs and the “Uremic twitch convulsive”syndrome canbeobserved. Focal neurological signs such as hemiparesis, dysarthria, visual abnormalities or reflex asymmetry tend to be transient and alternate from side to side. The patient in our study exhibits slurring of speech, upper and lower limb weakness and urinary incontinence. Besides the symptomatic evaluation, blood urea levels also helped to confirm the diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Uremic Encephalopathy is a common clinical condition associated with end stage kidney disease. Urea levels are often high in those patients and these uremic toxins gets accumulated in the brain thereby encephalopathy occur. This case makes it evident that neurological symptoms do accompany uremic encephalopathy. Hemodialysis is the currently available better option to correct the symptoms. REFERENCE: [1] Cynthia Mahoney.M.D,Uremicencephalopathy:clinical biochemical and experimental features, American Journal of Kidney Disease, vol 2,issue 3,nov.1982 [2] Li-Jing Jai, Zhen-Zhen, Ying Wang, Uremic encephalopathy with isolated brain stem involvement revealed by magnetic resonance image: a case report, BCM. Neurology, 2017,( 17): 154. [3] Ria Arnold, Tushar Issar, JRSM, Neurologic complications in CKD, Cardiovasc Dis.2016, Jan-Dec: [4] 4. Kim DM, Lee IH, Song CJ. Uremic encephalopathy:MR imaging findings and clinical correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiology. 2016; 37(9):1604–9. [5] P. Madan, O. P. Karla, S. Agarwal, Cognitive impairment in CKD, Nephrology Dialysis transplantation, vol: 22, issue: 2, feb.2007 [6] Wen-Yu-Gong, shan-Shan Li, Zong-Chao-Yu, Syndrome of Uremic Encephalopathy and Bilateral Basal Ganglia lesions in non-diabetic hemodialysis patients: a case report, BCM Nephrology, 2018, (19): 370 [7] Raskin NH, Fishman RA. Neurologic disorders in renal failure (first of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1976; 294:143–8.