Variables & Research hypothesis

Variables & Research hypothesis

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  VARIABLES, TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Presentedby : Ankita Kunwar Bph 1st batch
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  VARIABLES • A variableis defined as anything that has a quantity or quality that varies. i.e qualities, properties, characteristics, behaviors, attributes etc. • Variable are manipulable and measurable. Type of Research Variables 1. Independent variable 2. Dependent variable
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  1. Independent variable •The independent variable is the variable whose change isn’t affected by any other variable in the experiment. • Either the researcher has to change the independent variable herself ( Or) it changes on its own; • It is manipulated by the researcher to cause an effect on the dependent variable. • For Example: age , time. There’s nothing you or anything else can do to speed up or slow down time or increase or decrease age. They’re independent of everything else.
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  2.Dependent variable • Thedependent variable is what is being studied and measured in the experiment. • It’s what changes as a result of the changes to the independent variable by the researcher. • For Example: – how tall you are at different ages. The dependent variable (height) depends on the independent variable (age).
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  Experiment : • Youwant to see which type of fertilizer helps plants grow fastest, so you add a different brand of fertilizer to each plant and see how tall they grow. • Independent Variable: Type of fertilizer given to the plant • Dependent Variable: Plant height
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  Hypothesis • A Hypothesisis considered as an intelligent guess or prediction, that gives directional to the researcher to answer the research question.
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  TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS 1.Simple Hypothesis 2. Complex Hypothesis 3. Empirical Hypothesis 4. Null Hypothesis 5. Alternative Hypothesis 6. Causal Hypothesis 7. Associative Hypothesis
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  1. Simple Hypothesis •Simple hypothesis is that one in which the researcher examines the existing relationship between two variables, – one is called independent variable or cause and other is dependent variable or effect. • For example, Smoking leads to Cancer.
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  2.Complex Hypothesis • Acomplex hypothesis is the one in which the researcher examines the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables. • For example, Smoking and other drugs leads to cancer, tension chest infections etc.
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  3.Empirical Hypothesis • Empiricalmeans it is based on evidence. • An empirical hypothesis, comes to life when a theory is being put to the test by a researcher, using observation and experiment. • For example, Roses watered with liquid Vitamin B grow faster than roses watered with liquid Vitamin E. (Here, trial and error is leading to a series of findings.)
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  4.Null hypothesis (H0) •A null hypothesis is the one where the researcher states the existence of no relationship between the independent & dependent variables. • It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove. • For example, FP acceptance rate is same for educated and uneducated women.
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  5.Alternative Hypothesis(H1) • Analternative hypothesis simply is the inverse, or opposite, of the null hypothesis. • It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove. • For example, FP acceptance rate is different for educated and uneducated women.
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  • Causal Hypothesispredicts a cause and effects relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable . here, Independent variable is thought to cause or determine the presence of dependent variable. • For example Early postoperative ambulation will lead to prompt recovery. 6.Causal Hypothesis
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  7. Associative hypothesis •An Associative Hypothesis reflects the relationship between variables that occurs in natural setting without manipulation. Here, if there is a change in any one of the variables, changes also occurs in the other variable. • For example, The lower the blood sugar level, the lesser is the risk of infection among diabetic patients.
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  THANK YOU REFERENCES John wfor research methodology Reseach methodology methods and techniques Dr kapoor ,ms pooja saigal blog.prepscholar.com