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More from Lakshmi Sharma
VCE Biology Regulatory Mechanisms in Animals
- 1. VCE BIOLOGY www.drlakshmisharma.com Dr LakshmiSharma NO LIMITS TO LEARNING! BELIEVE & YOU CAN ACHIEVE! Regulatory Mechanisms in Animals
- 2. Regulatory Mechanisms inAnimals
- 3. What do wemean by Regulatory Mechanisms in Animals ???
- 4. Hormone released fromglands, neurotransmitters released from nerve endings Mammals well developed – maintain a stable internal environment with changing conditions HOMEOSTASIS involves –ve feedback.
- 5. Maintaining Equilibrium Communication withinan animal requires mechanisms: Hormonal Nervous
- 6. Negative Feedback Nervous& Hormonal system promoting stability of internal environment Stimulus Response Mechanism the response reduces original stimulus (–ve effect on stimulus)
- 7.
- 8. Hormones -Slower thannervous responses Synthesised from fatty acids Small & lipid-soluble, easily pass thro membranes – nucleus- act on genes Steroid hormones – testosterone & oestrogen Amino Acid Hor Fatty Acid Hor
- 9. Hormones -Slower thannervous responses Synthesised from amino acids Water soluble, cannot pass through membranes – bind to receptors plasma membrane, responses in cell. Adrenaline & growth hormones Amino Acid Hor Fatty Acid Hor
- 10. Endocrine glands releasehormones directly into the circulatory system
- 11. Pituitary Gland Central rolein overall endocrine regulation Growth, lactation, reproductive state, skin pigmentation, fat tissue, kidney function & activity of thyroid and adrenal glands
- 12. Pituitary Gland Hypothalamus -collectsinfo the body’s state (water, food, pain, emotions), releases releasing hormones to pituitary Pituitary- receives info, releases hormones regulate body’s response
- 14. Thyroxin Hormone Stimulates metabolicrate of cells Involved in physical development
- 15. Anterior Pituitary Gland ThyroidStimulating Hormone Thyroid Gland Thyroxine Target Cells (most cells in the body) via blood vessels Thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone Hypothalamus via blood vesselsreleases releases via blood vessels Sequence of hormones in release of thyroxine from the thyroid gland
- 16. Hormones Video Endocrine System Pleasego to dnatube.com - excellent video resource Endocrine - Mr Anderson
- 17. Nervous Systems Moredirect pathway of communication Extremely rapid responses are possible Functional unit is the neuron Neurons communicate between Sensory cells that detect a disturbance Effector cells that produce the response Specific receptors bring about highly precise responses Requires a lot of energy to run
- 18. Nervous Systems –Evolution Note development of a bundle of nerves at the front of the animal
- 19. The Reflex Response A reflex is a rapid, unconscious response hand on a stove Stand on a pin Brain registers the ‘pain’ but doesn’t facilitate the response (spinal cord does)
- 20.
- 21. Receptors in Skin WithdrawalReflex Spinal cord
- 22. Nervous Response Environmental Disturbance (eg. hotplate) Sensory Cells (skin) Effector Cells (muscles) Neurons sensory, interneurone & motor Response (pull hand away)
- 24. Interneuron s Neurons thattransmit information from one neuron to another (97% of human neurons are interneuron) Allow more co-ordination & integration Tread on nail, can’t withdraw your foot interneurons instruct muscles of opposite leg to bear weight Try balancing on one foot.
- 25. Reflexes in Homeostasis Baroreceptor-heart rate reflex maintains blood pressure
- 26. Neurons Signals travelquickly along neurons as electrical impulses The signals that travel between neurons, across the synapse are chemical Nerve Bundle - many neurons group together forming a single nerve
- 27.
- 28. THE STRUCTURE OFNEURONS
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- 31. Action Potentials Nerve impulseor action potential is a wave of electrical change along the axon membrane stimulation At the dendrite it stimulates the release of a chemical transmitter, which diffuses across a synapse The transmitter binds to receptor sites on the postsynaptic cell membrane to stimulate the generation of another impulse
- 32.
- 33. Mammalian Nervous Systems Centralnervous system (CNS) – ‘co-ordinating centre’ Brain Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System – ‘sensing and responding’ Motor (muscular) neurons Sensory neurons
- 34. The Central NervousSystem
- 35.
- 36. Major Sense Organs Typesof Receptors Photoreceptors Visible light, infrared radiation Chemoreceptors Taste, smell, communication Oxygen, CO2, pH, water, salts etc Mechanoreceptors Hearing, balance, pressure, touch Thermoreceptors Heat and cold
- 37. VisionPhotoreceptor cells contain Lightsensitive pigments Light with the pigment creates an electrical signal in a sensory nerve
- 38. Colour Blindness Inherited& affects more boys than girls Lack one or more of the cone cells.
- 39. The Nervous SystemVideo The nervous system The nervous system short video
- 40. Mind Maps ofthe Nervous System The following are nervous system mind maps to help you – read through the ppt & devise your own mindmap
- 43. HOPE YOU ENJOYEDTHE LESSON ! ANY QUESTIONS ???!