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Vernacular Architecture in Himachal Pradesh

The document discusses the vernacular architecture of Himachal Pradesh, India, highlighting its unique elements shaped by socio-cultural, economic, climatic, and technological factors. It details the architectural styles, construction materials, and techniques adapted to the region's high seismic hazard and various natural disasters. Various building types, including residential houses, temples, palaces, and granaries, reflect the blend of traditional practices and modern needs in the architecture of this mountainous state.

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October 2018 VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE HIMACHAL PRADESH
Contents - Introduction - Determinants - Architectural Elements - Materials & Construction Techniques - Disaster & Construction Management - Case Study 2VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE3 HIMACHAL PRADESH •LOCATION - Northern part of India, situated in the Western Himalayas •COUNTRY – India •AREA - 55,673 sq. km •POPULATION - 6,864,602 •DENSITY - 123/sq. km •The state is spread across valleys. About 90% of the state’s population lives in rural areas.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION •The land of Himachal Pradesh rises from the plains at an altitude from 350 meters mean sea level on the southwest to an altitude 6816 meters in the east towards the Tibetan plateau. TOPOGRAPHY INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE4
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION •According to the GSHAP data, Himalayan region falls in a region of high to very high seismic hazard rated as Zone IV and V. SEISMIC ZONE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE5
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE DETERMINANTS 1. Socio-Cultural Factor 2. Political Factor 3. Economic Factor 4. Climatic Factor 5. Technological Factor INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE6
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE DETERMINANTS •90% of the population has thinly in small villages and depends mostly in agriculture and animal husbandry as prime economic activities. INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE7 1. Socio-Cultural Factors
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE DETERMINANTS •The state of Himachal Pradesh is divided into 12 districts which are grouped into 3 divisions viz., Shimla, Kangra and Mandi. •The districts are further divided into 69 subdivisions, 78 blocks and 145 tehsils. INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE SUBDIVISIONS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH 8 2. Political Factors
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE DETERMINANTS •Tourism is the major contributor to the state’s economy and growth. •Agriculture contributes about 9.4% to the net state domestic product. •About 90% of the population directly depends on agriculture, which provides direct employment to 62% of the total workers of the state. •Hydropower is also one of the major sources of income generation for the state because of the number of perennial rivers. INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE9 3. Economic Factors
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE DETERMINANTS •There is huge variation in climate in Himachal Pradesh due to variation in altitudes (450 - 6500 mst.) INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE10 4. Climatic Factors
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE DETERMINANTS 4. Climatic Factors INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE11
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE DETERMINANTS •The primary materials for construction here are wood and stone. •Among variety of trees, deodar and kail are best suited for construction. •Architectural style like kath-khuni, use of dhajji walls during construction. 4. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE12
• In Himachal elements of nature shape the spatial order and man has to adapt himself to these forces. • Over the ages it has evolved unique traditions of art and architecture with foreign influences. • In the post independence period it has been marked by almost complete break from traditional and colonial style of architecture. • Small hamlets located in remote areas, still continue with their old age vernacular building traditions. ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 13 • Houses (residential) • Temple/Monasteries (religious) • Palaces (royal residences) • Granaries (storage) Architecture of Himachal Pradesh can broadly divided into 4 broad categories INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Introduction to Vernacular Architecture of Himachal Pradesh
• Double storey houses with pitched roof, oriented towards South to reduce heat loss. • Linear arrangement of rooms, connected by a balcony on all the floors. • Timber and stone are used widely as both have high thermal capacity and low conductivity. • Inner walls thickness is 4 inch and outer walls thickness is 9 inch. ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 14 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Houses (Residential) TYPICAL COMPONENTS
Typology of Houses • The character of a Himachal vernacular, the story unit is basically a cuboid • The smallest houses are two or three layers stacked in two or three levels (ground, first and second floor) • The size of the house increases by placing cuboids side by side and then extending up three levels • Single Cuboid Double Cuboid Triple Cuboid ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 15 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Houses (Residential)
Levels of House A gaushala (cattle shed) on the ground level, middle level to store practical items and top level for cooking, living spaces and sometimes formal spaces. ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 16 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Houses (Residential)
ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 17 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
• Himachal Pradesh is a land of the Gods. • Hindu temples of many types and Buddhist monasteries are found in this spectacular land of the Himalayas • There are three styles of temple architecture: Pagoda style Shikhara style Pahari style ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 18 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Temple/Monasteries (Religious)
• Pagoda style These are rectangular stone and wood structures with successive roofs, placed one over the other making them in some cases look like multi-storey edifices Hadimba Temple (Manali) , Tripura Sundri Temple (Naggar) and Adi Brahma Temple (Khokhan) are examples of such architecture ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 19 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Temple/Monasteries (Religious) Hadimba Temple, Manali
• Shikhara style It refers to the rising tower over the sanctum where the presiding deity is enshrined and is the most prominent and visible part of a Hindu temple of North India. Bishweshwar temple (Bajaura), Shiv Temple (Naggar), Gauri Shankar Temple (Dashal), Shiv Temple (Jagatsukh) are built in this style. ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 20 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Temple/Monasteries (Religious) Bishweshwar Temple, Kullu
• Pahari style Pahari style is a mixture of all other temple forms. Bhuvneshwari Temple and Bijli Mahadev Temple in Kullu are excellent examples of this form of temple architecture. ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 21 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Temple/Monasteries (Religious) Bijili Mahadev Temple, Kullu
• Monasteries ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 22 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Temple/Monasteries (Religious) Sherabling Monastery, Bir
• The major palaces of the state are located in jubbal, rampur bushair, naggar, chamba and kumarsain(100 yrs. Old). • It incorporates various styles of hill architecture such as traditional, features from Hindu temples, Buddhist monasteries and even from Islamic structures of the plains • A pergola roof to highlight main entrance coexists with domical roof tops over the main halls. • Palace is built in local materials and roof forms have to be perforce sloping – so as to ward off climatic elements. ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 23 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Palaces (Royal Residences) Kumarsain Palace, Shimla
• A granary is a storehouse for grain or animal feed. In ancient or primitive granaries, pottery is the most common use of storage in these buildings. Granaries are often built above the ground to keep the stored food away from mice and other animals. • Two main types of granaries: Independent (freestanding) buildings Granaries within the houses • The size and the scale of the granary is in direct correlation to the volume of the content to be stored. ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 24 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Granaries (Storage)
These are independent free standing wooden granaries with stone tile roof. ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 25 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Granaries (Storage) These wooden granaries with stone plinths and roofs in Sundagaon are a part of a cluster of family buildings. The communal wood and stone granary is a cluster of three independent Kath-Khuni storage buildings and three small folk temples in old Jubbal.
ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 26 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Granaries (Storage) The blue colour indicates where the storage spaces are throughout the building plans and sections. GROUND FLOOR PLAN FIRST FLOOR PLAN CROSS SECTION
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 27 •Imparts stability to tall structures. •Insect and termite resistant. •Even when untreated, can withstand long periods of weather corrosion. •Used in making posts, beams, window and door frames, shutters, roofs etc. Deodar Wood INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
28VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE •Good insulator and binder. •Either filled into wooden forms and rammed. •Alternatively, sun-dried mud bricks is used for walls. •Easy availability. Mud INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
29VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE • Used in building foundation and wall supporting the roof. Stone INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Hard Stone Slate Tiles •Have high quartz content, frost resistant. •Low maintenance. •Invulnerable to rot and insects. •Provide a moisture barrier to the structure. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 30 Typical Components Kath - Khuni Construction INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 31 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Foundation and Plinth •Stone plinth is filled upto a meter. •The depth of trench is relative to the height of structure. •For a two-storey building, the depth is 0.6 to 1m. Wall (Wood and Stone wall) • Walls are constructed with alternate course of dry masonry and wood without cementing mortar. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 32 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE • Laying two wooden wall beams longitudinally parallel to each other with a gap in between.The gap is filled with rubble stone and wooden nail at the edge. • Layering of wood and stone including a truncate pyramid shaped corner stone to protect the wood. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES Wall Courses
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 33 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE •Stone plinth is filled upto a meter from the ground level. •The depth of trench is relative to the height of structure. •For a two-storey building, the depth is 0.6 to 1m. •In case of lower temple, its as deep as 3 metres Stone Plinth Foundations CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 34 Trombe Wall INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE • Passive solar building design. • A wall is built on the winter side of the building. • Glass external layer and high capacity internal layer separated by a layer of air. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 35 Wooden Panels INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE •Timber paneled walls instead of brick and stone walls. •Panels are thick for sound insulation. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 36 South to North Sloping Roofs INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE • South to North sloping roofs for maximum winter sun. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 37 Skylights INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE • Roof with the skylight heat up interior. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
38 DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Types: - Earthquake - Floods and Cloudburst - Avalanche - Landslide - Forest Fires - Soil Erosion VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 39 Nature, Frequency and Intensity: 1. Earthquake - Quite devastating and sudden in nature, is one of the most common types of disasters that hits the state. - Seismologists have categorized this state in seismic zones IV and V, highly prone to earthquakes. - More than 250 earthquakes of magnitude above 4.0 on the Richter scale, including 51 with magnitude above 5.0 have rocked the state during the last century. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE KANGRA CHAMBA LAHAUL SPITI KULLU SOLAN SHIMLA SIRMAUR KINNAURMANDI HAMIRPUR UNA
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 40 Nature, Frequency and Intensity: 2. Floods and Cloudburst - Cloudbursts are very common in this state. They are basically excessive rain in a short period, resulting in floods. - When dams get damaged during earthquake, Sudden release of water by opening floodgates of increases the volume of water in the downstream. This poses a great threat for floods. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE KANGRA CHAMBA LAHAUL SPITI KULLU SOLAN SHIMLA SIRMAUR KINNAURMANDI HAMIRPUR UNA
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 41 Nature, Frequency and Intensity: 3. Avalanche - Sudden slide of large mass of snow along the slopes of mountain. - Villages in high altitudes and army and para-military Camps are frequently hit by this form of calamity. - They are more common in elevation more than 3500 M. - Very frequent on slopes of 30-45 degrees. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE KANGRA CHAMBA LAHAUL SPITI KULLU SOLAN SHIMLA SIRMAUR KINNAUR MANDI HAMIRPUR UNA
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 42 Nature, Frequency and Intensity: 4. Landslide - Downward movement of rocks primarily under the influence of gravity. - It is both natural and manmade phenomena and varies with variation in altitude, geology and topography. - The controlling factors of landslide are steepness of slope, type of rocks, change in vegetation and developmental activities like C/o roads, tunnels, Hydropower projects etc. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 43 Nature, Frequency and Intensity: 5. Forest Fire - The forests of Himalayan region, due to biotic and geographic reasons are more prone to forest Fires. - 90% of the fires are human induced, intentional or unintentional. Eg. Shifting cultivation, throwing cigarettes, cooking, collection of forest produce etc. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 44 Nature, Frequency and Intensity: 6. Soil Erosion - Himachal Pradesh, which is drained by a large network of river systems, soil erosion by water has become a problem. - Besides causing great loss to soil fertility, huge quantity of eroded material carried by water channels causes floods. - Activities like deforestation, road construction. Forest fires etc are reasons for soil erosion. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 45 List of Disasters Occured: 1905: 1975: 1979: 1995: 2008: 2011: 2012: VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Kangra Earthquake Kinnaur Earthquake Lahaul-Spiti Avalanche Solan Forest Fire Naina Devi Temple Stampede Landslides in Chamba Himalayan Flash Floods
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 46 Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area: Mud House - Mostly constructed in Chamba, Kangra & Una. - Mainly low income rural people use this type of construction technique. - The mud used here is the mixture of clayey soil, straw, cow dung and coarse sand. - It is proved that mud houses are more vulnerable to earthquake because of its brittle nature and lack of lateral force resisting system. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 47 Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area: Mud House - For the improvement of mud house, wooden bracing is used. - A concrete plinth is used to fix the bamboos at ground level. - Holes are made within the walls to connect the bamboo poles at inner and outer side of the walls using bamboo splints and wire. - The horizontal bracings are provided between bamboo poles to reduce deflection and vertical to resist lateral load. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Strengthening of existing mud house
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 48 Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area: Mud House VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Split bamboo members aligned vertically, then mud-plastered and Embedded into the earthen plinth Split bamboo members aligned horizontally, then mud-plastered and bottom members rest on earthen plinth Members bored and fastened with rope or wire
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 49 Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area: Non-engineered RCC Building - RCC building is also popular in rural and semi-urban areas for their better strength and durability. - Often these buildings are constructed in rural areas by the local constructor without any engineering design. - Improvement of non-engineered RCC building can be made by jacketing the existing beams and columns with additional concrete ring and caging of reinforcement. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 50 Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area: Non-engineered RCC Building - Removing cover of the old steel, new steel can be welded with the old one thus by covering it again inadequate section of RCC column and beam can be strengthened. - Appropriate design and careful construction procedure will be enough for making them earthquake resistant. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 51 Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area: Homesteads - Rural homesteads follow a courtyard layout. - A group of separate buildings surround an open space and thus define the courtyard. - Each building is a one-roomed structure accommodating different functions such as dwelling units for extended family members, kitchens and granaries. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 52 Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area: Homesteads - The central part of the courtyard is the highest point, sloping gently (1% minimum) to the edges to allow drainage. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 53 Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area: Homesteads - Drainage channels connected to nearby water bodies are created to prevent stagnation of water within the homestead, especially around the edges of buildings. - In some flood-prone areas, houses have a built-in wooden/bamboo platform (machan) normally used as storage space, but during flood serves as a raised refuge area. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 54 Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area: Stilts - Typically such houses are raised on bamboo or timber stilts and have a floor made of split bamboo sections or timber planks. - The use of RC posts as stilts has become common is areas with a tradition of stilted housing, substituting the typical timber and bamboo stilts. - These have the advantage of being water-resistant and hence more durable. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 55 Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area: Stilts - Usually bamboo stilts have to be replaced within 2-3 years and although timber stilts can last longer depending on the type of wood used, they are still less durable than RC stilts. - RC stilts cost more than bamboo, but are not significantly expensive than good quality timber stilts. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 56 Design and Construction for Cloudburst Prone Area: Bamboo House with Extended Eaves - Extended roof eaves to be used to prevent direct wetting of walls during rain. - Rainwater gutters can be used to discharge water away from the house. - Concrete stump (katla) or if affordable, brick plinth is used to support bamboo posts. - Should build house on raised homestead with slightly sloping ground for drainage. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Extended roof eave Rainwater gutter Gap for ventilation Gap Kaatla Slope for drainage
CASE STUDY - JANOG 57 Location VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE From Simla, a drive of about 30 kilometers leads to the little town called Theog, and lying just two kilometers outside Theog is a small beautiful compact settlement of Janog.(at 1980 m altitude)
CASE STUDY - JANOG 58 Introduction VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - Janog is a perfect example of a compact farming village - where houses, cattle pens, chicken houses, storage areas, threshing floors and small gardens coexist in a limited area - centers upon a village temple and temple storehouse or bhandar.
CASE STUDY - JANOG 59 Landmarks VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - It houses two beautiful temples: the younger temple is consecrated to the Devta Chikhadeshwara Maharaj and the older Trigaresvara Mahadev temple which is a short distance away.
CASE STUDY - JANOG 60 Temple and Details - Chikhadeshwara Maharaj Temple VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - The tower, with projecting top floor on all sides and a steep notched log as ladder of entrance to the highest floor, is called a bhandar. - The key to unlock the trap door and entrance to the superstructure/ bhandar is held by the local pujari or priest. - The wooden walls that enclose the two upper floors of the bhandar are quite plain except for some rectangular indented panels and some pierced geometric signs that are apparently auspicious symbols.
CASE STUDY - JANOG 61 Temple and Details - Chikhadeshwara Maharaj Temple VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - Mounted all along the roof edges are double border boards with space between them for the attachment of free-hanging pendants, wooden dowels, that move in the breeze. - These attachments form a kind of fringe all around the tower and that are a hallmark of temple and bhandar design in the Western Himalaya.
CASE STUDY - JANOG 62 Temple and Details - Chikhadeshwara Maharaj Temple VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - The lower storey of the temple is constructed of wooden courses that alternate with cut stone in usual timber- bonded way. - The building is some times used today as a school, but its ritual connection to the nearby temple proper continues. - A simple human face at the top of the tower’s gable gazes towards the second and most important sacred building, dwelling place of the divine protector of Jenog and its people.
CASE STUDY - JANOG 63 Temple and Details - Chikhadeshwara Maharaj Temple VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Attractive embellishments: Beautiful floral, curlicue patterned edging Carved and colored sides of the ladder
CASE STUDY - JANOG 64 Temple and Details - Trigaresvara Mahadeva Temple VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - A short distance from the bhandar and reached by climbing a fairly steep path that leads beyond the village living area is the local village shrine. The building is dedicated to Siva. - Many red flags or pennants blow in the winds of its hilltop setting. It is smaller than any house in the hamlet, buts its significance is great. In terms of style it is one of the alpine types that is sometimes called ‘Chalet’. - Trigaresvara is essentially the major local deity, the devata, who is part of the village family. His shrine is his dwelling, the most important ‘house’ in Jenog and respected by all who live there
CASE STUDY - JANOG 65 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - Janog is a small settlement consisting of about twenty houses, each about two or three storey high. - The upper level accommodates the living space and the lower floor is usually a cow shed. - It is a typical farming village with little pathways encircling the clustered village.
CASE STUDY - JANOG 66 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - These substantial shelters have storage areas and room for some animals on the ground floor while overhanging balconies offer pleasant sitting and working areas as they extend out from the upstairs living areas. - All of the domestic buildings are covered with large and heavy shingles made of slate.
CASE STUDY - JANOG 67 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - Most of the buildings around the tower are like nearly all of the houses in the village in being roofed over with large slabs of slate, carefully shaped and usually nailed into place over a wooden frame. The tall tower, however, is covered with wood. - The upper level is typically finished in wooden panels or with continuous series of operable windows -very typical of this place.
CASE STUDY - JANOG 68 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
CASE STUDY - JANOG 69 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
CASE STUDY - JANOG 70 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
CASE STUDY - JANOG 71 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
CASE STUDY - JANOG 72 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
CASE STUDY - JANOG 73 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
CASE STUDY - JANOG 74 Vernacular Granaries VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
CASE STUDY - JANOG 75 Vernacular Granaries VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
76 THANKYOU! AMIT JAKHAD (14010) ESTHER RAI (14022) MANSI PUSHPAKAR (14034) PRERNA CHOUHAN (14044) ROBINA (14047) SAHIL (14048) Submitted by:

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In this document
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Introduction to the topic of Vernacular Architecture and contents overview.

Details about Himachal Pradesh located in the Himalayas, including area, population, seismic zone.

Exploration of socio-cultural, political, economic, climatic, and technological factors influencing architecture.

Description of traditional house types and components within vernacular architecture.

Overview of temple architecture styles: Pagoda, Shikhara, Pahari.

Description of palaces showing various architectural styles blended with local materials.

Discussion on the importance and types of granaries in traditional agricultural settings.

Types of construction materials like wood, mud, and stone used in Himachali buildings.

Details on traditional construction techniques including wall types, foundations, and energy-efficient designs.Types of natural disasters in Himachal Pradesh and their impacts on architecture and construction.

Strategies for improving the earthquake resilience of mud houses and non-engineered RCC buildings.

Design and construction strategies for homes in flood-prone areas, including raised platforms.

An in-depth case study of Janog illustrating its architectural elements, temples, and vernacular features.

Thank you note and presentation credits.

Vernacular Architecture in Himachal Pradesh

  • 1.
  • 2.
    Contents - Introduction - Determinants -Architectural Elements - Materials & Construction Techniques - Disaster & Construction Management - Case Study 2VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 3.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION INDO GLOBALCOLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE3 HIMACHAL PRADESH •LOCATION - Northern part of India, situated in the Western Himalayas •COUNTRY – India •AREA - 55,673 sq. km •POPULATION - 6,864,602 •DENSITY - 123/sq. km •The state is spread across valleys. About 90% of the state’s population lives in rural areas.
  • 4.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION •The landof Himachal Pradesh rises from the plains at an altitude from 350 meters mean sea level on the southwest to an altitude 6816 meters in the east towards the Tibetan plateau. TOPOGRAPHY INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE4
  • 5.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION •According tothe GSHAP data, Himalayan region falls in a region of high to very high seismic hazard rated as Zone IV and V. SEISMIC ZONE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE5
  • 6.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE DETERMINANTS 1. Socio-CulturalFactor 2. Political Factor 3. Economic Factor 4. Climatic Factor 5. Technological Factor INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE6
  • 7.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE DETERMINANTS •90% ofthe population has thinly in small villages and depends mostly in agriculture and animal husbandry as prime economic activities. INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE7 1. Socio-Cultural Factors
  • 8.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE DETERMINANTS •The stateof Himachal Pradesh is divided into 12 districts which are grouped into 3 divisions viz., Shimla, Kangra and Mandi. •The districts are further divided into 69 subdivisions, 78 blocks and 145 tehsils. INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE SUBDIVISIONS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH 8 2. Political Factors
  • 9.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE DETERMINANTS •Tourism isthe major contributor to the state’s economy and growth. •Agriculture contributes about 9.4% to the net state domestic product. •About 90% of the population directly depends on agriculture, which provides direct employment to 62% of the total workers of the state. •Hydropower is also one of the major sources of income generation for the state because of the number of perennial rivers. INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE9 3. Economic Factors
  • 10.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE DETERMINANTS •There ishuge variation in climate in Himachal Pradesh due to variation in altitudes (450 - 6500 mst.) INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE10 4. Climatic Factors
  • 11.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE DETERMINANTS 4. ClimaticFactors INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE11
  • 12.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE DETERMINANTS •The primarymaterials for construction here are wood and stone. •Among variety of trees, deodar and kail are best suited for construction. •Architectural style like kath-khuni, use of dhajji walls during construction. 4. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE12
  • 13.
    • In Himachalelements of nature shape the spatial order and man has to adapt himself to these forces. • Over the ages it has evolved unique traditions of art and architecture with foreign influences. • In the post independence period it has been marked by almost complete break from traditional and colonial style of architecture. • Small hamlets located in remote areas, still continue with their old age vernacular building traditions. ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 13 • Houses (residential) • Temple/Monasteries (religious) • Palaces (royal residences) • Granaries (storage) Architecture of Himachal Pradesh can broadly divided into 4 broad categories INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Introduction to Vernacular Architecture of Himachal Pradesh
  • 14.
    • Double storeyhouses with pitched roof, oriented towards South to reduce heat loss. • Linear arrangement of rooms, connected by a balcony on all the floors. • Timber and stone are used widely as both have high thermal capacity and low conductivity. • Inner walls thickness is 4 inch and outer walls thickness is 9 inch. ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 14 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Houses (Residential) TYPICAL COMPONENTS
  • 15.
    Typology of Houses •The character of a Himachal vernacular, the story unit is basically a cuboid • The smallest houses are two or three layers stacked in two or three levels (ground, first and second floor) • The size of the house increases by placing cuboids side by side and then extending up three levels • Single Cuboid Double Cuboid Triple Cuboid ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 15 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Houses (Residential)
  • 16.
    Levels of House Agaushala (cattle shed) on the ground level, middle level to store practical items and top level for cooking, living spaces and sometimes formal spaces. ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 16 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Houses (Residential)
  • 17.
    ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 17 INDOGLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 18.
    • Himachal Pradeshis a land of the Gods. • Hindu temples of many types and Buddhist monasteries are found in this spectacular land of the Himalayas • There are three styles of temple architecture: Pagoda style Shikhara style Pahari style ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 18 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Temple/Monasteries (Religious)
  • 19.
    • Pagoda style Theseare rectangular stone and wood structures with successive roofs, placed one over the other making them in some cases look like multi-storey edifices Hadimba Temple (Manali) , Tripura Sundri Temple (Naggar) and Adi Brahma Temple (Khokhan) are examples of such architecture ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 19 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Temple/Monasteries (Religious) Hadimba Temple, Manali
  • 20.
    • Shikhara style Itrefers to the rising tower over the sanctum where the presiding deity is enshrined and is the most prominent and visible part of a Hindu temple of North India. Bishweshwar temple (Bajaura), Shiv Temple (Naggar), Gauri Shankar Temple (Dashal), Shiv Temple (Jagatsukh) are built in this style. ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 20 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Temple/Monasteries (Religious) Bishweshwar Temple, Kullu
  • 21.
    • Pahari style Paharistyle is a mixture of all other temple forms. Bhuvneshwari Temple and Bijli Mahadev Temple in Kullu are excellent examples of this form of temple architecture. ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 21 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Temple/Monasteries (Religious) Bijili Mahadev Temple, Kullu
  • 22.
    • Monasteries ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE22 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Temple/Monasteries (Religious) Sherabling Monastery, Bir
  • 23.
    • The majorpalaces of the state are located in jubbal, rampur bushair, naggar, chamba and kumarsain(100 yrs. Old). • It incorporates various styles of hill architecture such as traditional, features from Hindu temples, Buddhist monasteries and even from Islamic structures of the plains • A pergola roof to highlight main entrance coexists with domical roof tops over the main halls. • Palace is built in local materials and roof forms have to be perforce sloping – so as to ward off climatic elements. ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 23 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Palaces (Royal Residences) Kumarsain Palace, Shimla
  • 24.
    • A granaryis a storehouse for grain or animal feed. In ancient or primitive granaries, pottery is the most common use of storage in these buildings. Granaries are often built above the ground to keep the stored food away from mice and other animals. • Two main types of granaries: Independent (freestanding) buildings Granaries within the houses • The size and the scale of the granary is in direct correlation to the volume of the content to be stored. ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 24 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Granaries (Storage)
  • 25.
    These are independentfree standing wooden granaries with stone tile roof. ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 25 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Granaries (Storage) These wooden granaries with stone plinths and roofs in Sundagaon are a part of a cluster of family buildings. The communal wood and stone granary is a cluster of three independent Kath-Khuni storage buildings and three small folk temples in old Jubbal.
  • 26.
    ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 26INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Granaries (Storage) The blue colour indicates where the storage spaces are throughout the building plans and sections. GROUND FLOOR PLAN FIRST FLOOR PLAN CROSS SECTION
  • 27.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 27 •Impartsstability to tall structures. •Insect and termite resistant. •Even when untreated, can withstand long periods of weather corrosion. •Used in making posts, beams, window and door frames, shutters, roofs etc. Deodar Wood INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 28.
    28VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE •Good insulatorand binder. •Either filled into wooden forms and rammed. •Alternatively, sun-dried mud bricks is used for walls. •Easy availability. Mud INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
  • 29.
    29VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE • Usedin building foundation and wall supporting the roof. Stone INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Hard Stone Slate Tiles •Have high quartz content, frost resistant. •Low maintenance. •Invulnerable to rot and insects. •Provide a moisture barrier to the structure. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
  • 30.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 30 TypicalComponents Kath - Khuni Construction INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
  • 31.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 31INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Foundation and Plinth •Stone plinth is filled upto a meter. •The depth of trench is relative to the height of structure. •For a two-storey building, the depth is 0.6 to 1m. Wall (Wood and Stone wall) • Walls are constructed with alternate course of dry masonry and wood without cementing mortar. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
  • 32.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 32INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE • Laying two wooden wall beams longitudinally parallel to each other with a gap in between.The gap is filled with rubble stone and wooden nail at the edge. • Layering of wood and stone including a truncate pyramid shaped corner stone to protect the wood. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES Wall Courses
  • 33.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 33INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE •Stone plinth is filled upto a meter from the ground level. •The depth of trench is relative to the height of structure. •For a two-storey building, the depth is 0.6 to 1m. •In case of lower temple, its as deep as 3 metres Stone Plinth Foundations CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
  • 34.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 34 TrombeWall INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE • Passive solar building design. • A wall is built on the winter side of the building. • Glass external layer and high capacity internal layer separated by a layer of air. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
  • 35.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 35 WoodenPanels INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE •Timber paneled walls instead of brick and stone walls. •Panels are thick for sound insulation. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
  • 36.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 36 Southto North Sloping Roofs INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE • South to North sloping roofs for maximum winter sun. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
  • 37.
    VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 37 Skylights INDOGLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE • Roof with the skylight heat up interior. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
  • 38.
    38 DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT Types: - Earthquake - Floods and Cloudburst - Avalanche - Landslide - Forest Fires - Soil Erosion VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 39.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 39 Nature, Frequency and Intensity: 1. Earthquake - Quite devastating and sudden in nature, is one of the most common types of disasters that hits the state. - Seismologists have categorized this state in seismic zones IV and V, highly prone to earthquakes. - More than 250 earthquakes of magnitude above 4.0 on the Richter scale, including 51 with magnitude above 5.0 have rocked the state during the last century. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE KANGRA CHAMBA LAHAUL SPITI KULLU SOLAN SHIMLA SIRMAUR KINNAURMANDI HAMIRPUR UNA
  • 40.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 40 Nature, Frequency and Intensity: 2. Floods and Cloudburst - Cloudbursts are very common in this state. They are basically excessive rain in a short period, resulting in floods. - When dams get damaged during earthquake, Sudden release of water by opening floodgates of increases the volume of water in the downstream. This poses a great threat for floods. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE KANGRA CHAMBA LAHAUL SPITI KULLU SOLAN SHIMLA SIRMAUR KINNAURMANDI HAMIRPUR UNA
  • 41.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 41 Nature, Frequency and Intensity: 3. Avalanche - Sudden slide of large mass of snow along the slopes of mountain. - Villages in high altitudes and army and para-military Camps are frequently hit by this form of calamity. - They are more common in elevation more than 3500 M. - Very frequent on slopes of 30-45 degrees. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE KANGRA CHAMBA LAHAUL SPITI KULLU SOLAN SHIMLA SIRMAUR KINNAUR MANDI HAMIRPUR UNA
  • 42.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 42 Nature, Frequency and Intensity: 4. Landslide - Downward movement of rocks primarily under the influence of gravity. - It is both natural and manmade phenomena and varies with variation in altitude, geology and topography. - The controlling factors of landslide are steepness of slope, type of rocks, change in vegetation and developmental activities like C/o roads, tunnels, Hydropower projects etc. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 43.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 43 Nature, Frequency and Intensity: 5. Forest Fire - The forests of Himalayan region, due to biotic and geographic reasons are more prone to forest Fires. - 90% of the fires are human induced, intentional or unintentional. Eg. Shifting cultivation, throwing cigarettes, cooking, collection of forest produce etc. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 44.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 44 Nature, Frequency and Intensity: 6. Soil Erosion - Himachal Pradesh, which is drained by a large network of river systems, soil erosion by water has become a problem. - Besides causing great loss to soil fertility, huge quantity of eroded material carried by water channels causes floods. - Activities like deforestation, road construction. Forest fires etc are reasons for soil erosion. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 45.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 45 List of Disasters Occured: 1905: 1975: 1979: 1995: 2008: 2011: 2012: VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Kangra Earthquake Kinnaur Earthquake Lahaul-Spiti Avalanche Solan Forest Fire Naina Devi Temple Stampede Landslides in Chamba Himalayan Flash Floods
  • 46.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 46 Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area: Mud House - Mostly constructed in Chamba, Kangra & Una. - Mainly low income rural people use this type of construction technique. - The mud used here is the mixture of clayey soil, straw, cow dung and coarse sand. - It is proved that mud houses are more vulnerable to earthquake because of its brittle nature and lack of lateral force resisting system. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 47.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 47 Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area: Mud House - For the improvement of mud house, wooden bracing is used. - A concrete plinth is used to fix the bamboos at ground level. - Holes are made within the walls to connect the bamboo poles at inner and outer side of the walls using bamboo splints and wire. - The horizontal bracings are provided between bamboo poles to reduce deflection and vertical to resist lateral load. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Strengthening of existing mud house
  • 48.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 48 Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area: Mud House VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Split bamboo members aligned vertically, then mud-plastered and Embedded into the earthen plinth Split bamboo members aligned horizontally, then mud-plastered and bottom members rest on earthen plinth Members bored and fastened with rope or wire
  • 49.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 49 Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area: Non-engineered RCC Building - RCC building is also popular in rural and semi-urban areas for their better strength and durability. - Often these buildings are constructed in rural areas by the local constructor without any engineering design. - Improvement of non-engineered RCC building can be made by jacketing the existing beams and columns with additional concrete ring and caging of reinforcement. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 50.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 50 Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area: Non-engineered RCC Building - Removing cover of the old steel, new steel can be welded with the old one thus by covering it again inadequate section of RCC column and beam can be strengthened. - Appropriate design and careful construction procedure will be enough for making them earthquake resistant. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 51.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 51 Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area: Homesteads - Rural homesteads follow a courtyard layout. - A group of separate buildings surround an open space and thus define the courtyard. - Each building is a one-roomed structure accommodating different functions such as dwelling units for extended family members, kitchens and granaries. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 52.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 52 Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area: Homesteads - The central part of the courtyard is the highest point, sloping gently (1% minimum) to the edges to allow drainage. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 53.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 53 Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area: Homesteads - Drainage channels connected to nearby water bodies are created to prevent stagnation of water within the homestead, especially around the edges of buildings. - In some flood-prone areas, houses have a built-in wooden/bamboo platform (machan) normally used as storage space, but during flood serves as a raised refuge area. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 54.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 54 Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area: Stilts - Typically such houses are raised on bamboo or timber stilts and have a floor made of split bamboo sections or timber planks. - The use of RC posts as stilts has become common is areas with a tradition of stilted housing, substituting the typical timber and bamboo stilts. - These have the advantage of being water-resistant and hence more durable. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 55.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 55 Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area: Stilts - Usually bamboo stilts have to be replaced within 2-3 years and although timber stilts can last longer depending on the type of wood used, they are still less durable than RC stilts. - RC stilts cost more than bamboo, but are not significantly expensive than good quality timber stilts. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 56.
    DISASTER & CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT 56 Design and Construction for Cloudburst Prone Area: Bamboo House with Extended Eaves - Extended roof eaves to be used to prevent direct wetting of walls during rain. - Rainwater gutters can be used to discharge water away from the house. - Concrete stump (katla) or if affordable, brick plinth is used to support bamboo posts. - Should build house on raised homestead with slightly sloping ground for drainage. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Extended roof eave Rainwater gutter Gap for ventilation Gap Kaatla Slope for drainage
  • 57.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 57 Location VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE From Simla, a drive of about 30 kilometers leads to the little town called Theog, and lying just two kilometers outside Theog is a small beautiful compact settlement of Janog.(at 1980 m altitude)
  • 58.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 58 Introduction VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - Janog is a perfect example of a compact farming village - where houses, cattle pens, chicken houses, storage areas, threshing floors and small gardens coexist in a limited area - centers upon a village temple and temple storehouse or bhandar.
  • 59.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 59 Landmarks VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - It houses two beautiful temples: the younger temple is consecrated to the Devta Chikhadeshwara Maharaj and the older Trigaresvara Mahadev temple which is a short distance away.
  • 60.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 60 Temple and Details - Chikhadeshwara Maharaj Temple VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - The tower, with projecting top floor on all sides and a steep notched log as ladder of entrance to the highest floor, is called a bhandar. - The key to unlock the trap door and entrance to the superstructure/ bhandar is held by the local pujari or priest. - The wooden walls that enclose the two upper floors of the bhandar are quite plain except for some rectangular indented panels and some pierced geometric signs that are apparently auspicious symbols.
  • 61.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 61 Temple and Details - Chikhadeshwara Maharaj Temple VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - Mounted all along the roof edges are double border boards with space between them for the attachment of free-hanging pendants, wooden dowels, that move in the breeze. - These attachments form a kind of fringe all around the tower and that are a hallmark of temple and bhandar design in the Western Himalaya.
  • 62.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 62 Temple and Details - Chikhadeshwara Maharaj Temple VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - The lower storey of the temple is constructed of wooden courses that alternate with cut stone in usual timber- bonded way. - The building is some times used today as a school, but its ritual connection to the nearby temple proper continues. - A simple human face at the top of the tower’s gable gazes towards the second and most important sacred building, dwelling place of the divine protector of Jenog and its people.
  • 63.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 63 Temple and Details - Chikhadeshwara Maharaj Temple VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Attractive embellishments: Beautiful floral, curlicue patterned edging Carved and colored sides of the ladder
  • 64.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 64 Temple and Details - Trigaresvara Mahadeva Temple VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - A short distance from the bhandar and reached by climbing a fairly steep path that leads beyond the village living area is the local village shrine. The building is dedicated to Siva. - Many red flags or pennants blow in the winds of its hilltop setting. It is smaller than any house in the hamlet, buts its significance is great. In terms of style it is one of the alpine types that is sometimes called ‘Chalet’. - Trigaresvara is essentially the major local deity, the devata, who is part of the village family. His shrine is his dwelling, the most important ‘house’ in Jenog and respected by all who live there
  • 65.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 65 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - Janog is a small settlement consisting of about twenty houses, each about two or three storey high. - The upper level accommodates the living space and the lower floor is usually a cow shed. - It is a typical farming village with little pathways encircling the clustered village.
  • 66.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 66 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - These substantial shelters have storage areas and room for some animals on the ground floor while overhanging balconies offer pleasant sitting and working areas as they extend out from the upstairs living areas. - All of the domestic buildings are covered with large and heavy shingles made of slate.
  • 67.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 67 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE - Most of the buildings around the tower are like nearly all of the houses in the village in being roofed over with large slabs of slate, carefully shaped and usually nailed into place over a wooden frame. The tall tower, however, is covered with wood. - The upper level is typically finished in wooden panels or with continuous series of operable windows -very typical of this place.
  • 68.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 68 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 69.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 69 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
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    CASE STUDY -JANOG 70 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 71.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 71 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 72.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 72 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 73.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 73 Houses And Details VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 74.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 74 Vernacular Granaries VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 75.
    CASE STUDY -JANOG 75 Vernacular Granaries VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  • 76.
    76 THANKYOU! AMIT JAKHAD (14010) ESTHERRAI (14022) MANSI PUSHPAKAR (14034) PRERNA CHOUHAN (14044) ROBINA (14047) SAHIL (14048) Submitted by: