WASTE MANAGEMENT AND EXCRETA DISPOSAL.pptx

WASTE MANAGEMENT AND
EXCRETA DISPOSAL
GROUP MEMBERS
APIKU JOSEPH MALU 22/U/20686/HTG
KABARANIGIRA ANNAH 23/U/27960/HTP
KABANDIZE BALAAM 22/U/20693/HTG
KIWUMULO MILCAH
TUGABIRWE SANDRA

Learning objectives
By the end of this presentation, learner should be able to:
1. Outline the global statistics of waste and excreta disposal.
2. Define the terms as applied to waste management and excreta
disposal.
3. Differentiate the classes and categories of Biomedical waste.
4. Explain the principles of waste and excreta disposal.
5. Describe the various methods of waste management/disposal.
6. Discuss the strategies by government to improve waste
management and treatment.

Global waste generation (Statistics/Facts).
Waste generation has increased seriously around the world in the
recent years (decades), and there are no signs of it slowing down.
By 2050, worldwide towns’ solid waste generation is expected to
have increased by around 70% to 3.4 billion metric tones. This is due
to a number of factors such as population growth, urbanization, and
economic growth, as well as consumer shopping habits.

Global waste generation cont.
Every year, humans produce millions of tones of waste, and this is
increasingly becoming a major issue worldwide. With such increased
volumes of waste arising, the need for authorities to provide
adequate waste treatment and disposal services has become ever
more important.
However, less than 20% of waste is recycled each year, with huge
quantities still sent to landfill sites. Waste is also often disposed of at
hazardous open dump sites, especially in developing nation.

Key Terms in waste management
1. Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk, litter) is
“Any material, Substance, or produce eliminated or discarded as no
longer useful or required after the completion of a process.”
(Oxford Dictionary)
2. Bio-medical waste means “any waste, which is generated during the
diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human-beings or animals, or
in research activities ranging from used syringes and needles to soiled
dressings, body parts, diagnostic samples, blood, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals, medical devices and radioactive materials.
(WHO Legal notice, 2023)

Types of waste
1. Municipal waste which includes household waste, commercial waste,
demolition waste.
2. Hazardous waste that includes industrial waste.
3. Bio-medical waste which includes clinical waste.
4. Special Hazardous waste which includes radioactive waste, Explosive waste
and E-waste.

Sources of wastes
1. Domestic
2. Industrial
3. Commercial
4. Agricultural
5. Construction
6. Mining

Classification of municipal waste
Taxonomically, waste can be categorized in terms of state of matter i.e;
solid, liquid and gaseous. Also it can be toxic, hazardous or volatile.
A typical solid domestic waste will consist of paper, glass, plastic,
metals, textiles, woods, vegetables etc. liquid waste include grey water,
kitchen sludges, oils, grease while gaseous includeCH4, CO2,CO,
Aerosols.
Identification of waste source helps in giving proper nomenclature to
waste. It also helps in identification of the required collection, storage,
transportation and disposal. Similarly, analysis of the waste involves
quantification in volumes or mass.

What is waste management?
 Waste management is the collection, transportation, processing, recycling
or disposal and monitoring of waste materials.
 The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is
generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or
aesthetics.
 Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive
substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each.

Waste management system
Waste management system or waste disposal is a streamlined
process an organization uses to prevent, reduce, reuse or dispose
waste.
It is also an approach where companies implement comprehensive
strategies to efficiently manage waste from their origin until final
disposal.

Factors to consider in designing
waste management system
1. Location of disposal point.
2. Disposal facilities
3. Available technology
4. Prevailing climate
5. Route plans and road network
6. Waste quality and quantity

The principles of management of
municipal waste

Principles of waste management
Waste hierarchy: the first principle of waste management refers to the 3 R’s; reuse,
recycle and reduce. The waste hierarchy is represented in the form of a pyramid
because the basic premise is the promotion of integrated methods to prevent
waste generation.
The following step is to think of various ways by which the waste can be reused
again. This step is then followed by the waste recycling step, which includes
composting.
The next step includes material restoration, waste conversion, and energy
production techniques.
The final and the last step is the disposal of the remaining wastes that can not be
processed further. It includes incineration or disposing of the landfill

Methods of waste/Excreta
Disposal
1. Landfills
2. Incineration
3. Recovery and Recycling
4. Composting
5. Waste-to-Energy

Landfills
Throwing daily wastes in landfills is the most common methods used for
waste disposal. Landfills are mainly found in developing countries.
But every process has its setbacks. Trash buried in the landfills may leak
some harmful chemicals that can pollute natural resources such as
rivers or soil and can be fatal to humans and animals.

Hazardous effects of pollution from landfill
Methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and nitrogen gases may be
produced from compounds in the soil and the waste, and may enter
into the atmosphere.
Soluble materials such as chloride and iron may be retained in the
soil, soluble materials such as chloride, nitrates and sulphates may
readily pass through the waste and soil to the underground water.
Heavy metal such as lead, chromium and iron may be retained in the
soil.
Overland run-off may pick up leachates and transport into streams
and rivers.

Landfill cont.
Some plants (including crops) growing in the disposal area may
selectively take up heavy metals and the toxic materials to be passed
up the food chain as people and animal eat them.
If the plant residue from crops left in the field contains toxic
substances, these materials will return to the soil.

Incineration
I. Incineration is another method in which waste from municipalities,
hospitals, and other types of waste is burnt at very high temperatures.
II. One major merit of this method over other processes is that it reduces
the volume of trash by about 80% of its initial volume.
III. This process is popular in USA and Japan, where landfill sites are no
longer available.

Recovery and Recycling
Recovery is the process by which materials are recovered after being
adequately treated. Recycling is a stage at which different
components of trash are recycled to produce new products, which
not only helps in saving energy but also lowers our greed of
consuming fresh raw materials for various purposes.
This process helps keep our environment neat and clean, reduces
land and water pollution, reduces our dependence on natural
resources, and reduces the EL Nino effect that contributes to global
warming.

Composting
 Composting is a naturally occurring bio-degradable process. In this
process, all the organic wastes (plant and kitchen waste) are taken
and left to decompose over time to obtain highly nutritious plant
foods.
 Composting also acts as manure that enhance soil fertility; This is one
of the best methods of waste disposal, but it has its downsides too, as
it is a slow process compared to other techniques.

Waste-to-Energy
This process involves the conversion of non-recyclable waste items
into useable ones through several process.
This energy produces renewable and includes electrical energy and
heat energy. In this way, non-recyclable waste can be used over and
over again.

Bugolobi-Nakivubo Biogas plant

Benefits and Advantages of waste
Management
1. Better environment
One of the major advantages of waste management system is that it
leads to a better and fresher environment. The methods discussed
above ensure harmful and toxic chemicals such as carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide and methane get separated from wastes and do not
enter the atmosphere. This helps cut down factors that adversely
impact our environment and make it disease-free.

Benefits cont.
2. Increases employment opportunity
Various recycling industries and organizations create a lot of job and
employment opportunities for people. As more and more organizations
and companies adopt this eco-friendly practices, more and more people
will join these companies for work, thus creating and selling many
recycled products.
3. Preserve Energy
The process of recycling is of vital importance as it helps generate useful
products from garbage. The recycled products can serve as a new
sources of energy.

Economic importance of Municipal Wastes
1. Serve as soil Nutrients
2. Used as fertilizer-crop products.
3. Source of abode
4. Source of income- scaveryers

Environmental Impact of Waste Management
Waste results in slum: Most of the waste generated are in form of
metal scraps, glass, cardboards, plastics and textiles. These are
deposited in heaps on our settlements. Waste heaps are not often
common in affluent environment because of regular collection.
Therefore, the land that would have been useful in better ways has
been designated during sites in most of the environment of developing
countries.
Foul odours: most of the waste environment consists of organic matter
e.g vegetable scraps and excrements from animals and humans. Such
areas are characterized by bad smell and large Ant of flies and rodents.

Environmental impact cont.
Impacts on soil: leachates from the waste during sites percolate into
the soil, this percolation continues in porous soil media or stop and
accumulate in the non-porous impermeable soil media. This ways the
metal load of the soil is increased.
Impact on air: waste gas normally contain heavy metals like Hg, Cd, Pb,
and Zinc. Also, this include gas flaming in the oil and gas industries.
Waste gases also include fumes from the chemical industries. The
incineration process of the waste normally lead to the increase of gases
like Acid gas Hg, H2S, nitrous oxide and also harmful components like
PH and dioxins.

Impacts on water: water flowing from the waste can leak into the
underground, i.e. aquifer, thereby polluting it. It can also get through
the drains out nearby rivers, especially the wastes deposited at the
banks of the rivers and this leads to metal accumulation of the river
and eutrophication.
Impacts on flora and fauna: eutrophication resulting from leachates
from the waste dumpsites will lead to deoxygenation and
extermination of natural flora and fishes. The solubility of poisonous
materials like Al and Cd from waste may increase and damage roots of
plants thereby reducing their nutrients intake and uptake.

Health effects of waste management
Acid gases may in high concentration lead to health problems, cause
damage to vegetation and corrode buildings and materials.
Acidification of water bodies through precipitation may poison and kill
small flora and fauna.
Waste may serve as an outbreak of diseases e.g cholera, typhoid etc.
Landfill gas may lead to suffocation among workers and there is also
the possibility of health hazards due to toxic, carcinogenic and irritation
organic that gases which are generated.
Manual sorting of waste may lead to injury from sharp and pointed
objects, hence infection.

Health effects of waste management
cont.
Exposure of waste scavengers/manual sorters to waste dust may lead
to respiratory diseases.
Back injury may occur to people involved in the collection and
transfer of too heavy waste or overfilled.
Noise from waste processing plants may represent a health risk to
refuse workers and people living nearby in the case of very large
plant.

Biomedical waste management
Objectives
By the end of the presentation, the learner should be able to;
1. Define a biomedical waste.
2. Classify/state the types of biomedical wastes.
3. Segregate various types of biomedical wastes.
4. Explain the methods of treating biomedical wastes.

What is biomedical (medical) waste?
Biomedical waste means “any waste which is generated during the
diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals, or in
research activities ranging from used syringes and needles to soiled
dressings, body parts, diagnostic samples, blood, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals, medical devices and radioactive materials. (WHO
Legal Notice 2023).
That means waste generated by healthcare facilities like physician’s
offices, hospitals, dental practices, laboratories, medical research
facilities and veterinary clinics all fall under the category of medical
waste.

Examples of medical waste items
generated
1. Anything that is soaked in blood (gloves, gauze, gowns, etc).
2. Human or animal tissues created during procedures.
3. Cultures of infectious diseases/agents.
4. Any waste produced inpatients’ rooms with communicable
diseases.
5. Discarded vaccines.

Who regulates biomedical waste?
In the late 1980s, the waste was overseen by the Environmental
Protection Authority (EPA) and the federal Government . Afterwards,
regulations were passed by various state agencies. State health
agencies and environmental programs have information about who
governs healthcare wastes in each state.
Several federal bodies maintain laws concerning medical waste.
These include the occupational safety and Health Administration
(OSHA), the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the USA Food and
Drug Administration (FDA), the Department of Transportation (DOT),
and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).

Classification of Bio-medical waste

Types of Biomedical Wastes
1. Sharps: This kind of waste includes anything that can pierce the skin,
including needles, scalpels, broken glass, razors, ampoules, staples,
wires and trocars.
2. Infectious waste: Anything infectious or potentially infectious goes in
this category, including swabs, excreta, equipment, and lab cultures.
3. Radioactive: This kind of waste generally means unused radiotherapy
liquid or lab research liquid. It can also consist of any glassware or
other supplies contaminated with this liquid.
4. Pathological: Human fluids, tissues, blood, body parts, bodily fluids
and contaminated animal carcasses come under this waste category.

Types medical waste cont.
5. Pharmaceuticals: This grouping includes all unused, expired and/or
contaminated vaccines and drugs. It also encompasses antibiotics,
injectables and pills.
6. Chemical: These are disinfectants, solvents used for laboratory
purposes, batteries and heavy metals from medical equipment such as
mercury from broken thermometers.
7. Genotoxic waste: This is a highly hazardous form of medical waste
that is either carcinogenic, teratogenic or mutagenic.
8. General Non-Regulated Medical Waste: Also called non-hazardous
waste, this type does not pose any particular chemical, biological or
radioactive danger.

Waste segregation
“Waste segregation is a separate
collection of different types of
waste. The waste, which is as far
as possible sorted by type, is then
reused as secondary raw material
or disposed of according to type.”
(Latiff, 2020).

Benefits of waste segregation
Waste to profit
Reduce waste
Cleanliness
Safety and Better Health
Save cost and time of waste management in business

Segregation of Biomedical Wastes

Where do we treat Medical
waste?
1. On-site Medical Waste Treatment
The on-site treatment of medical waste is generally limited to large, well-monied
hospitals and health facilities. On-site treatment is extremely cost-prohibitive. That
is because the required equipment is expensive to maintain and expensive to
manage and run. The regulatory maze around such equipment and its use
presents yet another barrier to entry.
2. Off-site Medical Waste Management
Off-site medical waste is a far more cost-effective option for most small and mid-
sized medical practices and facilities. Third-party vendors whose main business is
healthcare waste collection and disposal have the equipment and training needed
to handle the process. Vendors can collect the waste either by truck or by mail.

Methods of Bio-medical Waste
Treatment
1. Incineration: Before 1997, over 90% of all infectious medical waste was
disposed of by incineration. Changes to providers to seek other disposal
means. This is still the only method used on pathological waste such as
body parts and recognizable tissues.
2. Autoclaving: steam sterilization renders biohazardous in solid waste non-
infectious. After its been sterilized, the waste can be disposed off normally
in solid landfills, or it can be incinerated under less-stringent regulation.
3. Microwaving: another way to render hazardous healthcare waste non-
hazardous is to microwave it with high-powered equipment. As with
autoclaving, this method opens up the waste to normal landfill disposal or
incineration afterward.

Methods cont.
4. chemical: some kinds of chemical waste may be neutralized by
applying reactive chemicals that render it inert. This is generally
reserved for waste that is chemical in nature.
5. Biological: This experimental method of treating biomedical waste
uses enzymes to neutralize hazardous, infectious organisms. It’s still
under development and rarely used in practice.

Disposal of Categories of biomedical waste

The dangers of Medical Waste
Unless it is managed properly, medical waste can present several health
hazards to healthcare employees, waste workers and the general public.
Discarded needles can expose us to needle sticks and possible infection
if they are accidentally sent to recycling facilities, or if containers break
open in transit. Housekeepers and janitors are also at risk when sharps
poke their way out through plastic bags.
Hazardous waste can expose us to microorganisms, radiation burns,
poisoning, pollution, and other dangers. Finally, improperly treated
waste sent to landfills can contaminate our drinking water and
environment.

Promoting Practices for safe Waste
Handling
Know the healthcare waste laws: Healthcare waste is regulated by the
DOT, EPA, OSHA and DEA. It is vital to be aware of all guidelines from each
agency when preparing, transferring and disposing of hazardous waste.
Classify medical waste correctly: Identifying the kind of waste you are
dealing with is the first step in properly disposing of it. Avoid putting non-
hazardous waste in with rest to prevent overspending.
Separate the waste by type: Waste should be separated out into the
different categories, including sharps, pharmaceutical, chemical,
pathological, and non-hazardous. Regulated medical waste goes in red
bags. Sharps that go into these bags must be put into puncture-proof
containers first.

PRACTICES CONT.
Use the right medical waste containers: Put all waste in approved
containers depending on how it is classified. Some waste can go in
certified cardboard boxes, while other waste gets put in special tubs
or even locked up for transit.
Prepare the containers properly: Healthcare waste containers and
bags must be taped for shipment, then packaged according to DOT
weight restrictions. Containers should be stored in a secure, dry area
before pickup or shipping.

PRACTICES CONT.
Include the right documentation: Proper documentation of healthcare
waste is crucial to protect both the provider and the waste disposal
company. The right paper work should accompany each container and
bag throughout the process.
Use the medical waste disposal color code: Color coding system for
waste segregation calls for all sharps to go in puncture-resistant red
biohazard containers. Biohazard waste goes in red bags and containers.
Yellow containers are for trace chemo waste, while pharmaceutical
waste into black container for hazardous materials and blue for others.

Practices cont.
Hire the right waste disposal company: Multiple regulating bodies,
various hazards, and several different kinds of waste present a
daunting challenge for healthcare employees. Partnering with a
reliable vendor is often vital.

Environmental impact
Treatment and disposal of healthcare waste may pose health risks
indirectly through the release of pathogens and toxic pollutants into
the environment.
The disposal of untreated healthcare wastes in landfills can lead to
the contamination of drinking, surface, and ground waters if those
landfills are not properly constructed.
The treatment of healthcare wastes with chemical disinfectants can
result in the release of chemical substances into the environment if
those substances are not handled, stored and disposed in an
environmentally sound manner.

Incineration of waste has been widely practiced, but inadequate
incineration or the incineration of unsuitable materials results in the
release of pollutants into the air and in the generation of ash residue.

Reasons for failure of proper waste
management
Lack of awareness about the hazards related to healthcare waste.
Inadequate training in proper waste management.
Absence of waste management and disposal system.
Insufficient financial and human resources and the low priority given
to the topic are the most common problems connected with
healthcare waste.
Many countries either do not have appropriate regulations, or do not
enforce them.

How to improve health-care waste
management
 Promoting practices that reduce the volume of wastes generated and
ensure proposer waste segregation.
 Developing strategies and systems along with strong oversight and
regulation to incrementally improve waste segregation, destruction
and disposal practices with the ultimate aim of meeting national and
international standards.
 Where feasible, favoring the safe and environmentally sound
treatment of hazardous health care wastes (e.g by autoclaving,
microwaving, steaming and chemical treatment).

How to improve cont.
 Building a comprehensive system, addressing responsibilities,
resource allocation,, handling and disposal. This is a long term
processing, sustained by gradual improvements.
 Raising awareness of the risks related to healthcare waste, and of safe
practices.
 Selecting safe and environmentally-friendly management options, to
protect people from hazards when collecting, handling, storing,
transporting, treating or disposal of waste.

Conclusion
Medical waste is classified as any possibly contaminated by-product
of medical research, treatment, or other healthcare activity. It can
come from physician’s offices, dentists, veterinary clinics, research
laboratories, or funeral homes.
We hope this guide has helped explain the definition, types, and
dangers of healthcare waste, including how it gets disposed off, best
practices, tools, resources, and regulatory bodies.

References
1. Pepin et al (2014). Evolution of global burden of viral infections
from unsafe medical injections, 2000-2010.PLoSone.Jun
9;9(6):e99677.
2. WHO/UNICEF(2015): Water, sanitation and hygiene in healthcare
facilities: Status in low- and middle-income countries. World Health
Organization: Geneva
3. Latiff, R (2020): definition and importance of waste segregation.
https://www.bing.com/images/search?
q=definition+of+waste+separation&form=HDRSC3&FIRST=1

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