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Water resource
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- 2. AMAZING FACTS OFWATER RESOURCES WATERRESOURCES: wateris a natural resources. SOURCES OF WATER: Surface water, Ground water, Atmospheric water and Oceanic water. MEAN ANNUAL FLOW: 1869 billion cubic meters. GROUNDWATER: 433.9 billion cubic meters. IRRIGATION AREA: 8.47 crore hectares. CANAL IRRIGATION: 39.9 per cent area. HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER: 84000 MW. WATERPOLLUTION: A serious problem. RAIN WATERHARVESTING: a technique of
- 3. FACTORRESPONSIBLE FOR DEPLETION OFWATER RESOURCES The availability of waterperperson is decreasing. The use of waterin increasing due to increasing population. Waterresources are being used in industrial sectorat a fast rate. Wateris used forirrigation to increase the agriculture productivity. Waterpollution is increasing. Groundwaterdepletionis highest in
- 4. FACTORS THAT DETERMINEITS SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AVALIABILITY OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES There are fourmajorsurface water: These are RIVERS, LAKES, PONDS & TANKS. In the country, there are about 10,360 rivers and theirtributaries longerthan 1.6 Kmeach. The mean annual flow in all he riverbasins in India is estimated to be 1,869 cubic km. However, due to topographical, hydrological and otherconstraints, only about 690 cubic
- 5. FACTORS FORDISTRIBUTION RAINFALL: Waterflowin a riverdepends on size of its catchment area orriverorriverbasin and rainfall within its catchment area. VARIABILITY: Precipitation in India has very high spatial variation, and it is mainly concentrated in monsoon season. RIVERS: Some of the rivers in the country like Ganga, the Brahmaputra and the Indus have huge catchment areas. Given that precipitation is relatively high in the catchment areas of the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and the Barakrivers, these rivers although account for only about one – third of the total area in the country, have 60 percent of the total surface waterresources. SEASONAL RIVERS: Much of the annual waterflow in south Indian rivers like the Godavari, the Krishna and
- 6. SOCIAL CONFLICTS AND DISPUTESOF WATER RESOURCES The sharing of waterof rivers of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh is a contesting issue. Since long, the dispute is going on between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka overthe waters of Kaveri river. The sharing of waterNarmada Basin is a dispute between the state of Maharashtra,
- 7. METHODS: Itininvolves preventionof runoff andstorageandrechargeof groundwaterthroughvarious methods likepercolationtanks, rechargewells, etc. AIMS: However, inbroadsense watershedmanagement includes conservation, regenerationand judicious useof allresources – natural(likeland, water, plants and animals) andhumanwithina watershed. PROGRAMMES: (i) Haryali, is a watersheddevelopment projects sponsoredbythecentral government whichaims at enablingtherural populationtoconservewaterfor drinking, irrigation, fisheries and
- 8. CHALLENGES ARE EXPECTEDTOBE FACEDIN FUTURE Demographic transition Technological advancement Geographical shift of population Degradation of environment Waterscarcity
- 9. LOWCOST TECHNIQUES TO RECHARGETHE GROUNDWATER Roof water harvesting Refilling of dug wells Recharging of hand pumps Construction of percolation pits Trenches around fields Bunds and stop
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- 11. RAINWATERHARVESTING It is atechnique of increasing the recharge of groundwaterby capturing and storing rainwater locally in subsurface water reservoirs to meet
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- 13. OBJECTIVE OF RAINWATER- HARVESTING Soil conservation. Conservation of water. Conservation of arable lands. Development of horticulture. Development of forestry and silvi – culture. Conservation of environment. Increase in agriculture outputs. To checkenvironmental degradation.
- 14. AIMS OF RAINWATER– HARVESTINGMeets the everincreasing demands forwater. Reduce the run – off which chokes drains. Avoid the flooding of roads. Augment the groundwater storage and raise the water table. Reduce groundwater pollution. Improve the quality of groundwater. Reduce the soil erosion. Supplement domestic water
- 15. USE OF GROUNDWATERRESOURCESIN INDIAStates with high use: The groundwaterutilization is very high in the state of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu. States with low use: There are states like Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Kerala, etc., which utilize only a small proportion of their groundwaterpotentials. States with moderate use: State like Gujarat, UttarPradesh, Bihar, Tripura and Maharashtra are utilizing theirground water resources at a moderate rate. If the present trend continues, the demands forwaterwould need the supplies. And such
- 16. WHY IRRIGATION ISNECESSARY IN INDIA? Irrigation is needed because of spatio – temporal variability in rainfall in the country. The large tracts of the country are deficient in rainfall and are drought prone. North – western India and Deccan plateau constitute such areas. Winterand summerseasons are more orless dry in most parts of the country. Hence, it is difficult to practice agriculture without assured irrigation during dry seasons. Even in the areas of ample rainfall like West Bengal and Bihar, breaks in monsoon orits failure creates dry spells detrimental foragriculture.
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- 18. INDIA’S NATIONAL WATER POLICY,2002Thenational waterpolicy,2002 stipulates waterallocation priorities broadly in the following order: DRINKING WATER, IRRIGATION, HYDRO – POWER, NAVIGATION, INDUSTRIAL, and others uses. The policy stipulates progressive new approaches to watermanagement. Irrigation and multi – purpose projects should invariably include drinking watercomponent, wherever there is no alternative sources of drinking water. Providing drinking waterto all human beings and animals should be the first priority. Measures should be taken to limit and regulate the exploitation of groundwater. Both surface and groundwatershould be regularly monitored forquality. A programme should be undertaken forimproving waterquality.
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- 20. S.No Name ofBasin ground water resources Total replenish able utilization (%) Level of Groundwater 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Brahmai with Baitarni Brahmaputra Chambal composite Kaveri Ganga Godavari Indus Krishna Kuchchh and saurashtra including river Luni Chennai and south Tamil Nadu Mahanadi Meghna (Barak & Other) Narmada North – east composite Pennar Subarnrekha Tapi Western Ghat Total 4.05 26.55 7.19 12.3 170.99 40.65 26.49 26.41 11.23 18.22 16.46 8.52 10.83 18.84 4.93 1.82 8.27 17.69 431.42 8.45 3.37 40.09 55.33 33.52 19.53 77.71 30.39 51.14 57.68 6.95 3.95 21.74 17.2 36.6 9.57 33.04 22.88 31.97
- 21. (I) Which riverBasinhas the highest total replenishable groundwaterresources? Ans. Ganga river. (II) In which riverbasin is the level of groundwater utilization the highest? Ans. Chennai and Tamil Nadu. (III) Which riverbasin has the lowest total replenishable groundwaterresources? Ans. Subarnarekha. (IV) In which riverbasin is the level of groundwater utilization the lowest? Ans. Brahmaputra.
- 23. STATE PERCENTAGE OFAREA IRRIGATED BY WELLS AND TUBEWELLS Gujarat Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Tamil Nadu 86.6 77.2 66.5 65 58.21 57.6 54.7
- 24. (I) Which statehas the highest irrigated area by wells and tube – wells? Ans. Gujarat. Reason: Absence of canals. (II) Which state has low irrigated area by wells and tube – wells? Ans. Tamil Nadu. Reason: canal irrigation is more.
- 25. EVERY DROPOF WATER ISPRECIOUS CONSERVE IT