Watershed management Programs and Policies in India

Watershed management Programs and Policies in India

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  WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES ININDIA – CURRENT POLICIES AND PROJECTS G E E V A C H A N D A N A | K E E R T H A N A | N A V I N 1
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  2 WATERSHED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT A watershedis an area that supplies water by surface or sub-surface flow to a given drainage system or body of water. Size is not a factor in the definition. Watersheds vary from a few hectares (or less) to millions of square kilometres (for example, Ganga river basin). Watershed management (WSM) is, • The integrated use and/or management of land, vegetation, and water in a geographically discrete drainage area • For the benefit of its residents, with the objective of protecting or conserving the hydrologic services that the watershed provides • Reducing or avoiding negative downstream or groundwater impacts. • WSM is ultimately about achieving water resources-related objectives. Source: Watershed development in India: Economic valuation and adaptation considerations - world resources institute study
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  3 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMSIN INDIA 1973- 74 •Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) •Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) 1977-78 •Desert Development Programme (DDP) •Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) 1989 - 90 •Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP) •Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) 1989 •Integrated Afforestation and Eco-Development Scheme (IAEPS) •Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) and State Forest Department 1990- 91 •National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) •Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) 1992 •Indo-German Watershed Development Programme •National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and the Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR) 1994 - 2001 •Guidelines for Watershed Development •Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) 2003 •Hariyali Guidelines •Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) 2006 • National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) • Planning Commission 2008 • Common Guidelines for Watershed Development (Neeranchal) released • National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) and Planning Commission 2009 • Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) • Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) 2013 • Revisions added to 2008 Common Guidelines – NEERACHAL GUIDELINE • Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) Source: Watershed development in India: Economic valuation and adaptation considerations - world resources institute study
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  1973-74 DROUGHT PRONE AREA PROGRAMME (DPAP) Ministryof Rural Development (MoRD) WATER POLICY Set of guidelines and directives to the State for harnessing water resources - to cater the sectoral (agriculture, industrial and domestic) - need in equitable way that leads to sustainable development. 4 COMPONENTS OF WATER POLICY LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Legal framework that defines the rights to exploit/use of water resources and provisions of award of incentives and penalties. Administrative system responsible for assessment and management of water resources. MAJOR WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN INDIA 1989–90 INTEGRATED WASTELAND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (IWDP) Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) 1990–91 NATIONAL WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOR RAINFED AREAS (NWDPRA) Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) 2008 COMMON GUIDELINES FOR WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT - NEERANCHAL National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) and Planning Commission 2009 INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (IWMP) Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) 2006 NATIONAL RAINFED AREA AUTHORITY (NRAA) Planning Commission Source: Watershed development in India: Economic valuation and adaptation considerations - world resources institute study
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  5 WATER POLICY SUCCESSFUL WATERSHEDPOLICY IN INDIA 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1970 1980 1990 2000 PROJECT SUCCESS HIGH LOW PUBLICPARTICIPATION Mainly water conservation Socio-economic with water conservation Socio-economic with water conservation, Participation Public participation, Planning, design, implementation Source: Study by Singh A.K., Eldho T.I., Prinz D., 2002 WHAT IS THE NEED FOR WATER POLICY • Availability of water is highly uneven in both space and time • Precipitation is confined to only few months in a year • Rainfall Varies spatially – eg. In India: from 100 mm in the western parts of Rajasthan to over 10000 mm at Cherrapunji in Meghalaya • Planning and implementation of water resources projects involve a number of socio-economic aspects and issues. • Common approaches and guidelines are necessary on these matters. Source: Study by Singh A.K., Eldho T.I., Prinz D., 2002
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  6 WATER POLICY • Firstadopted in 1987 and formulated in 2002 • It advocates water resources of the country should be brought within the category of utilizable resources to the maximum possible extent. • Policy promotes use of non-conventional methods such as traditional water & rooftop rainwater harvesting. • Water transfer to water scarce region. • People’s participation - Public Private Partnership MAIN MINISTERIAL STAKEHOLDERS MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT (MoRD) MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE (MoA) MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST (MoEF)• Formulates and reviews national water policy Identifies research needs recommends measures to enhance environment and for economic development of water resources. • Reviews water development plans submitted by national water development agency (established in 1982). Responsible for watershed development, the Million Wells scheme for groundwater development, and the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission to develop drinking water in rural areas Research on water management techniques Concerned with water quality BIOPHYSICAL STUDY, UNDERSTANDING OF FOREST, WATERSHED, FLOW , LINKAGES DEMONSTRATION OF POLICY BASED SCENARIOS & EVALUATION DEVELOPMENT OF A MECHANISM FOR POLICY ACTION POLICY & INSTITUTIONAL PERCEPTIONS STUDY - INVESTIGATION OF INSTITUTIONAL PRACTICES National Level State Level Community Level Source: Study by Singh A.K., Eldho T.I., Prinz D., 2002
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  7 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS/ POLICIES YEAR PROGRAM/POLICY/ GUIDELINE MAJOR OBJECTIVE(S) RELEVANT INSTITUTION PROJECTS & AREA BUDGET 1973–74 Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) Promote economic development and mainstreaming of drought prone areas through soil and moisture conservation measures. Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) 6515 projects - 30 lakh hectares Avg Project size: 500 Hectares Rs. 1191crore Avg Project cost: Rs. 20 lakhs 1989–90 Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP) Regenerate degraded non-forest land through silvipasture and soil and water conservation on the village and micro-watershed scale. Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) 32 m.hectares Rs.6000 per hectare - Rs.19,200 crores – avg. Rs.360 crores annually DROUGHT PRONE AREA PROGRAMME (DPAP) INTERGRATED WASTELAND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (IWDP) • Project period of 5 years. • 155 districts in 13 States are covered • STATES: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. • The expenditure on DPAP was being shared equally by the central and State Governments on 50:50 bases • Project period of 5 years. • From 1999-2000 new Integrated Wastelands Development Programme projects are prioritized for sanction in consultation with the State Government. • STATES: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal . • The IWDP Scheme is 100% Grant-in-Aid from Government of India. Source: Working paper on Watershed development in India: Economic valuation and adaptation considerations - World Resources Institute study
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  8 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS/ POLICIES YEAR PROGRAM/POLICY/ GUIDELINE MAJOR OBJECTIVE(S) RELEVANT INSTITUTION PROJECTS & AREA BUDGET 1990–91 National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) Promote sustainable natural resource management, enhance agricultural production, restore the ecological balance, reduce regional disparities, and create sustained employment opportunities in rainfed areas. Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) 15730 Micro watersheds Over 2.97 Lakh hectares 4500 crores Annual budget upto 300 crores 1994 2001 – R1 2008 – R2 2011 - R3 2013 - R4 Common Guidelines for Watershed Development (Neeranchal) Regenerate degraded non-forest land through silvi pasture and soil and water conservation on the village and micro-watershed scale. Promote a fresh framework to guide all WSD projects in all departments and ministries. Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) 45062 projects sanctioned – 323 lakh hectares 7739 crores NATIONAL WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOR RAINFED AREA (NWDPRA) COMMON GUIDELINES FOR WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT (NEERANCHAL) • Project period of 5 years. • Implemented in 2479 watersheds covering 350 districts spread over 25 states and 2 Union Territories • The area of a watershed is 500 to 1000 hectares • STATES: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Garhwal region of Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jharkahand and Chhattisgarh. • The project will be implemented from 2016-17 to 2021-22 • 9 participating states - 400 sub-watersheds of about 5,000 ha each • STATES: Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana • 50/50 cost-sharing ratio - International Development Association (IDA) financing and Government of India Source: Working paper on Watershed development in India: Economic valuation and adaptation considerations - World Resources Institute study
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  9 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS/ POLICIES YEAR PROGRAM/POLICY/ GUIDELINE MAJOR OBJECTIVE(S) RELEVANT INSTITUTION PROJECTS & AREA BUDGET 2006 National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) Create common guidelines for all WSD schemes under the different ministries for the development of rainfed farming systems. Planning Commission 78 m.ha. 64 per cent of the country's net sown area 2009 Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) Consolidated three programs: IWDP, DPAP, and DPP. Programs adopted a cluster approach focusing on a cluster of micro-watersheds (1000 ha to 5000 ha scale). Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) 6622 projects - 31.29 million hectare Rs.8240.61 crore NATIONAL RAINFED AREA AUTHORITY (NRAA) INTERGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (IWMP) • STATES NOT INCLUDED IN THE STUDY: The districts that are not part of this study are: districts of Jammu & Kashmir, districts of north-eastern region except Assam, districts of Goa, and Union Territories. • Totally urban districts like 2 Prioritization of Rainfed Areas in India Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata and Hyderabad were also excluded. • 2009-10 to 2013-14 • The Department of Land Resources has sanctioned 6622 projects covering an area of 31.29 million hectare. • STATES: Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar. Source: Working paper on Watershed development in India: Economic valuation and adaptation considerations - World Resources Institute study
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  OBJECTIVES 1. Bring aboutinstitutional changes in watershed and rainfed agricultural management practices in India 2. Build systems that ensure watershed programmes and rainfed irrigation management practices are better focussed, and more coordinated, and have quantifiable results 3. Devise strategies for the sustainability of improved watershed. Management practices in programme areas, even after the withdrawal of project support 4. Through the watershed plus approach, support improved equity, livelihoods, and incomes through forward linkages, on a platform of inclusiveness and local participation. 10 CURRENT / FUTURE POLICIES : Neeranchal Watershed Program Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojna (Watershed Development Component) (WDC-PMKSY) GOI for water conservation and its management formulated PMKSY to increase irrigation coverage and improving water use efficiency with end to end solution on source creation, distribution, management, field application and extension activities. PMKSY has been approved for implementation across the country with an outlay of Rs. 50,000 crore in five years. • Neeranchal is a World Bank assisted National Watershed Management Project. • Neeranchal is designed to further strengthen and provide technical assistance to the Watershed Component of PMKSY, in particular and all components of PMKSY, in general, to enhance its delivery capacity. • The programme is being implemented in nine participating states – Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana. • The total project cost is USD 357.0 million. The project will be financed through Investment Project Financing (IPF) at a 50/50 cost-sharing ratio, with USD178.5 million in International Development Association (IDA) financing, and an equivalent from GoI (in Indian rupees) of USD178.5 million, outside of WDC- PMKSY. • The project will be implemented from 2016-17 to 2021-22. Source: http://dolr.gov.in/programme-schemes/neeranchal-national-watershed-management-programme
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  11 INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENTPROGRAM : Gujarat (2012 – 2017) A CASE STUDY ON PARTICIPATORY SCIENTIFIC WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN GUJARAT STATE As per recent estimate by Government of Gujarat, rain-fed areas of 85 million hectares out of the 142 million hectares of net cultivated area have suffered neglect in the past in-spite of having scope for much higher productivity and income potential through agriculture and allied activities. AIM 1. Restore the ecological balance by harnessing, conserving and developing degraded natural resources such as soil, vegetative cover and water in a holistic and sustainable manner 2. Initiate demand driven and need based watershed planning with active participation of community members 3. Preventing soil run-off and regenerating of natural vegetation with low cost technological solution complemented by indigenous knowledge 4. Recharge the ground water table through rain water harvesting inculcating a sense of conservation among the community. 5. Enable multi-cropping and the introducing diverse agro-based activities, which help to provide sustainable livelihoods to the people residing in the project area 6. Promote eco-friendly and locally suitable activities with the required capacity building of the stakeholders 7. The present case study depicts the experience on a participatory and scientific watershed management in the state of gujarat. Source: https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/Watershed_Mngmnt_case.pdf
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  12 A CASE STUDYON PARTICIPATORY SCIENTIFIC WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN GUJARAT STATE INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAM : Gujarat (2012 – 2017) Source: https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/Watershed_Mngmnt_case.pdf
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  13 A CASE STUDYON PARTICIPATORY SCIENTIFIC WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN GUJARAT STATE INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAM : Gujarat (2012 – 2017) Source: https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/Watershed_Mngmnt_case.pdf
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  14 Source: http://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i6/SUB155106.pdf INTEGRATED WATERSHEDMANAGEMENT PROGRAM : Sangola-Maharashtra (2013-15) Sangola is a small city in Solapur district of state of Maharashtra. It is facing acute water scarcity problem due to insufficient rainfall every year. Watershed development techniques like rain water harvesting, checkdam, vanarai bandhara, farm pond etc. are suggested to make the city self sufficient in case of water demand. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION • Average annual rainfall of Sangola is very less i.e. 460 mm • Silting of existing water resources like Lake, Wells. OBJECTIVES • To analyse sources of water resources available, in Sangola. • To analyse the socio-economic condition of people, • To compute the water demand and analyse the supply. • Results & interpretation. • Guideline for watershed development METHODOLOGY • The proposed work is planned in following phases. PHASE I- LITERATURE SURVEY. • In this phase, literature survey of watershed development techniques will be carried out by internet browsing & referring journals like ASCE, NICMAR journal of construction and management, Journal of civil engineering and construction review, Common guidelines for watershed development given by Government of Maharashtra etc. PHASE II – GENERAL SURVEY. WATER RESOURCES AND REQUIREMENT. • Socio- economic survey. • To know the population, number and types of animal. PHASE-III -WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT MEASURES: • Calculation for design and approximate cost required for watershed development measures.
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  15 Source: http://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i6/SUB155106.pdf INTEGRATED WATERSHEDMANAGEMENT PROGRAM : Sangola-Maharashtra (2013-15) RECOMMENDATIONS • Social Aspects the Awareness regarding usage of available water should be developed. As per government rule maximum depth of bore well is 200 feet. If this rule is followed then ground water level is maintained. Select the crops/fruits which require minimum water. If drip irrigation and mulching film are used for crops/fruits then 50% of water is saved. SILT REMOVAL FROM LAKES AND WELLS • Due to excessive silting of lakes and wells, water storage capacity has depleted. There is 8 to 10 feet silt deposited. Removal of silt at proper interval is necessary to increase water storage capacity of lakes, wells and reservoirs. It also increases ground water level considerably. Solid waste and silt must be cleaned and wells should be protected against such pollution so as to make use of available water. RAIN WATER HARVESTING • Rain water harvesting can be implemented so as to conserve available rain water. It can be utilized as and when necessary CHECK DAM • There are insufficient check dams across the stream, and they are not in condition. They require regular maintenance. FORESTATION • Planting of trees in a methodical and planned manner and using them wisely, to minimize the effect of reckless deforestation can be adopted as a tool here.
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  16 PROJECT : KarnatakaWatershed Management (World Bank Financed) OVERALL OBJECTIVE: Strengthen capacity of communities within project cycle & of implementing department for participatory management within a watershed planning framework MICRO-WATERSHED SELECTION CRITERIA: • Extent of waste lands (20 points) • Silt index & erosion hazard (20 points) • Extent of irrigated/dry area (10 points) • Rainfall (20 points) • Schedule Castes (SC)/ Schedule Tribes (ST) population (20 points) • Proportion of agricultural laborers (10 points) Source: World Bank Project Appraisal Documents. SCALE Micro-watershed (500 ha) to sub-watershed (5,600 ha) ISSUES ADDRESSED • Land management • Soil & moisture conservation • Productive revegetation with perennials • Establish watershed societies TOTAL PROJECT COST (USD MILLION) PROJECT ID: P067216, P122486 160.40 USD Million YEAR APPROVED Project 01: 2001 Project 02: 2012
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  17 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT: Karnataka (World Bank Financed) Source: Ministry of Water Resources
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  18 PROJECT : KarnatakaWatershed Management (World Bank Financed) KARNATAKA WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (2001) • Central objective to improve productive potential and strengthen community/institutional arrangements for natural resource management. • Focus on participatory watershed planning, development, and protection; participatory farmer-driven research and extension processes; improved practices for agriculture, horticulture, silvi-pasture; extension; livestock improvement and health services; and alternative income generation activities. • Institutional strengthening for M&E, environmental, and social assessments, development of a GIS database; and project management and coordination. Source: World Bank Project Appraisal Documents. PROJECT ID: P067216, P122486 EXAMPLE: SUJALA WATERSHED • Sujala is a multi-actor, multilevel, multisector and multidisciplinary watershed based developmental program that works through public-private-civil society partnerships
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  19 Thank you