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Weather
- 1. Weather & Climate Whathappens vs. What you expect to happen
- 3. Weather: The dayto day changes in the atmosphere involving heat, moisture, and pressure Climate: the decade to decade, century to century changes in the weather What makes the weather happen? What makes the wind blow and the rain fall?
- 4. Weather Vocabulary Temperature: themeasure of heat energy Air Pressure: the force of the atmosphere on the Earth’s surface Precipitation: rain, snow, sleet, hail Cloud: a mass of condensed liquid water molecules in the atmosphere Isobar: a line that connects points of equal air pressure
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- 6. Water Cycle The constantmovement of water from the Earth to the sky and back again
- 7. Water Cycle Vocabulary Evaporation:how water vapor enters the atmosphere as a result of absorbing heat Transpiration: How water vapor enters the atmosphere from PLANTS Condensation: water vapor converts back to liquid water after it cools to dew point Dew Point: the temperature at which water vapor condenses to liquid
- 8. Why study DewPoint? Plane pilots use dew point data to: 1) Calculate the likelihood of carburetor icing 2) Calculate the likelihood of fog 3) Estimate the height of a cumulus cloud base.
- 9. Determining where cloudsform Cloud Base Height: a cloud forms where the air temperature reaches the dew point temperature
- 10. How to findcloud base height Materials Sling Psychrometer (swingy-thingy) Dry-Bulb Temperature: air temperature Wet-Bulb Temperature: air temperature with a wet sock on the thermometer Wet-Bulb Depression: the difference between the dry-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb temperature
- 11. Dew point chart Theblank boxes mean These conditions do NOT exist on Earth!!
- 12. Steps Example #s1. DetermineDry-bulb temp. 2. Determine Wet-bulb temp. 3. Determine wet-bulb depression (the difference between the dry and wet bulb temps) 4. Determine Dew point (use the wet-bulb depression and the dry-bulb temp.) 5. Use the Cloud Base Altitude Chart (next page) 1. 12oC 2. 7oC 3. 12oC - 7oC = 5oC 1. 1oC
- 13. Cloud BAse Altitude Chart 6.Use the Dry-bulb temp. And the Dew POint temp 7. Use the solid line to trace a line that indicates your dry-bulb temp. 8. Use the dotted line to trace a line that indicates the Dew Point temp. 9. At the point where the two lines meet, draw a horizontal line to the y- axis. Where this hits is the Cloud Base Altitude
- 14. Your turn Dry-Bulb Temp16oC Wet-Bulb Temp 10oC Dew Point ??oC Cloud Base Height ??km
- 15. Relative Humidity The amountof moisture in the atmosphere as compared to how much it could hold at that temperature
- 16. Weather Fronts Cold Front:The leading edge of a cold air mass The cold dense air lifts the less dense moist air up where it cools and condenses
- 17. Weather Fronts Warm Front:the leading edge of a warm air mass This less dense air mass will move over a cool, more dense air mass. Rise slowly cool, and condense
- 18. Weather Front Occluded Front:A cold front that follows behind a slow moving warm front
- 19. Source Region The regionover which an air mass forms. The air masses acquires the characteristics of these regions Maritime (m): forms over water, WET! Continental (c): forms over land, DRY! Tropical (T): forms near the Equator, WARM! Polar (P): forms near the poles, COLD!
- 20. What type ofair masses form over these areas?
- 21. Precipitation Why does rainfall from one cloud and snow from another? All about the Dew Point! All about the Dew Point! If the Dew Point is below 0oC, snow will fall
- 22. Hail will fall Theclouds are very tall, so TALL the bottom of the cloud is above 0oC and the top of the cloud is below 0oC. Plus very strong updrafts equals HAIL!
- 23. Sleet/Freezing RAin willfall if... The Dew Point is above 0oC and the air below it is colder than 0oC OR the Dew Point temperature is colder than 0oC, the air below is warmer that 0oC and then colder than 0oC below that layer
- 24. Rain will fallif... The Dew Point is above 0oC and the air beneath the cloud below is also above 0oC
- 25. Snow will fallif…. The Dew Point in the clouds is below 0oC and the air beneath is below 0oC
- 26. Extreme Weather Events Cyclone:a low pressure air mass where winds spiral inwards counter clockwise There are 2 types 1. Hurricane: a large, severe low pressure system that forms over warm water, winds exceed 74 mph 2. Tornado
- 27. Hurricanes Need heat andwater to grow
- 28. Track of aHurricane ❖ Hurricanes begin in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean North of the Equator ❖ They move west and north due to planetary winds ❖ Once they cross 30oN latitude, they change direction and move North East ❖ Once they hit land, they lose energy
- 29. Track of ahurricane
- 30. Hurricane Dangers They pose3 types of danger 1. High winds: people and property injured/damaged by flying debris 2. Storm Surge: people and property near the coast are injured/damaged by the sea being pushed inland by high winds 3. Inland Flooding: Heavy rain overwhelm the local streams. They flood their banks and flood areas
- 31. Hurricane Irene 2011Windham, NY
- 32. What to doin the event of a hurricane Along coastlines evacuate inland/to higher ground Inland shelter in place. Avoid low lying areas and floodplains Stock up on water, non-perishable food and batteries Secure any/all loose objects on ground. Stay away from windows
- 33. Tornado A not solarge severe low pressure system that forms over warm, dry land where winds can exceed 350 mph Usually occur in the region called Tornado Alley in the midwest, but can occur anywhere Can occur with little warning and move rapidly causing total destruction in their wake
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- 35. Tornado Season Tornadoes frequentlyoccur between February through May, but can occur anytime They frequently occur in the wake of Thunderstorms They also create conditions for other tornadoes to spring up. These “swarms” of tornadoes can exceed 200
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- 37. In the Eventof a Tornado You have very little preparation time so plan ahead Have a shelter nearby (less than 1 minute) with no windows, preferably below ground Have stores of water, non-perishable food and emergency supplies
- 38. Blizzards Why do theAdirondack Mountains tends to get more snow than the Hudson Valley? Lake Effect Snow How do storms out of the South bring so much snow to us here in the Northeast? Nor’easter
- 39. Lake Effect Snow Colddry winds, cP air mass out of Canada blow eastward across Lake Ontario The lake’s water is warmer than the air mass above the lake. The warmer water transfers heat and moisture to the air This warm, moist air mass reaches the Eastern shore of the lake. It rises over the Tug Hill Plateau. The cools to Dew Point and snows like CRAZY!
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- 41. Nor’easter Snowstorm Warm, moistair, mT air mass out of the Caribbean moves North and West Cold, dry air, cP air mass from Canada moves South and East The 2 air masses meet over the Appalachian Mountains, forcing the warm, moist air over the more dense cold dry air. Moisture cools, condense and it SNOWS like CRAZY!!
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