Webinar on Best Available Techniques (BAT): Insights from the Cement Production and Waste Incineration Sectors - Ling He

German Environment Agency
The EU BREF for Waste Incineration and its BAT
Conclusions
OECD Webinar on Best Available Techniques (BAT) for Industrial Emission Prevention
and Control: Insights from Cement production and Waste Incineration sectors
Ling He, Dr. -Ing.
Division III Sustainable Production and Products, Circular Economy
Dept. III 2 Sustainable Production, Resource Conservation and Material Cycles
Section III 2.4 Waste technology, Waste Technology Transfer

Waste Incineration – Development in Germany
13.10.2025 / OECD Webinar on Best Available Techniques (BAT) for Industrial Emission Prevention and Control 2
Waste incineration plant, Bullerdeich, Hamburg,
1896
Source:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCllverbrennungsanl
age_Bullerdeich
Waste incineration plant, Borsigstraße, Hamburg, since
1994
Source:
https://www.itad.de/ueber-uns/anlagen/hamburg-borsigstrasse
➢ Hygienization
➢ Volume and weight
reduction
➢ Stringent environmental
standards
➢ Inertization
➢ Destruction or prevention
of pollutants from entering
the material cycle
➢ Energy supply (electricity,
district heating, process
steam)
➢ Slag (metals, construction
materials)

Waste Incineration Plants in Europe
Source: https://www.cewep.eu/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/EU-Map-2022.pdf
Source: https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/en/news-and-events/all-
news/waste-framework-directive-revised
98 plants (66 residual waste incineration plants, 32 refuse-
derived fuel incineration plants)

Waste Incineration – Grate Firing
Source: https://bureau-industrial-transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2020-01/JRC118637_WI_Bref_2019_published_0.pdf

Structure of the EU BREF for Waste Incineration
Scope
1 General information on waste
incineration
2 Applied processes and
techniques
3 Current emission and
consumption levels
4 Techniques to consider in the
development of BAT
5 Best available techniques (BAT)
conclusions for waste
incineration
6 Emerging techniques
7 Concluding remarks and
recommendations for future work
https://bureau-industrial-
transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2020-
03/superseded_wi_bref_0806_0.pdf
transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/202
0-01/JRC118637_WI_Bref_2019_published_0.pdf

Scope of EU BREF for Waste Incineration
This BREF and its BAT conclusions concern the following activities specified in Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU:
5.2. Disposal or recovery of waste in waste incineration plants: (a) for non-hazardous waste with a capacity
exceeding 3 tonnes per hour; (b) for hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 10 tonnes per day.
5.2. Disposal or recovery of waste in waste co-incineration plants: (a) for non-hazardous waste with a capacity
exceeding 3 tonnes per hour; (b) for hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 10 tonnes per day; whose main
purpose is not the production of material products and where at least one of the following conditions is fulfilled:
— only waste, other than waste defined in Article 3(31)(b) of Directive 2010/75/EU, is combusted;
— more than 40 % of the resulting heat release comes from hazardous waste;
— mixed municipal waste is combusted.
5.3. (a) Disposal of non-hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 50 tonnes per day involving the treatment of
slags and/or bottom ashes from the incineration of waste.
5.3. (b) Recovery, or a mix of recovery and disposal, of non-hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 75 tonnes per
day involving the treatment of slags and/or bottom ashes from the incineration of waste.
5.1. Disposal or recovery of hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 10 tonnes per day involving the treatment of
slags and/or bottom ashes from the incineration of waste.

Structure of the EU BREF on Waste Incineration
Scope
1 General information on waste
incineration
2 Applied processes and
techniques
3 Current emission and
consumption levels
4 Techniques to consider in the
development of BAT
5 Best available techniques (BAT)
conclusions for waste
incineration
6 Emerging techniques
7 Concluding remarks and
recommendations for future work
transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2020-
03/superseded_wi_bref_0806_0.pdf
transformation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/202
0-01/JRC118637_WI_Bref_2019_published_0.pdf

BAT Conclusions for Waste Incineration – Commission Implementing Decision
Chapter 1: BAT Conclusions BAT No.
1.1. Environmental management systems 1
1.2 Monitoring 2-8
1.3. General environmental and combustion performance 9-18
1.4. Energy efficiency 19-20
1.5. Emissions to air (21-31)
1.5.1. Diffuse emissions 21-24
1.5.2. Channelled emissions (25-31)
1.5.2.1. Emissions of dust, metals and metalloids 25-26
1.5.2.2. Emissions of HCl, HF and SO2 27-28
1.5.2.3. Emissions of NOX, N2O, CO and NH3 29
1.5.2.4. Emissions of organic compounds 30
1.5.2.5. Emissions of mercury 31
1.6. Emissions to water 32-34
1.7. Material efficiency 35-36
1.8. Noise 37

BAT for Monitoring – e.g. BAT 4 (Emissions to Air)
Monitoring of N2O,
PBDD/F,
Benzo[a]pyrene: for
data collection

BAT with BAT-AEPLs – e.g. Energy Efficiency (BAT 20)
BAT 20. In order to increase the energy efficiency of the incineration plant, BAT is to use an appropriate combination
of the techniques given below.
(a) Drying of sewage sludge
(b) Reduction of the flue-gas flow
(c) Minimisation of heat losses
(d) Optimisation of the boiler design
(e) Low-temperature flue-gas heat exchangers
(f) High steam conditions
(g) Cogeneration
(h) Flue-gas condenser
(i) Dry bottom ash handling
BAT-AEPLs: environmental performance levels
associated with best available techniques

BAT with BAT-AELs – e.g. Emissions of NOX, N2O, CO and NH3 (BAT 29)
primary techniques
secondary techniques
BAT-AELs: emission levels
associated with best available
techniques

BAT without BAT-AELs or BAT-AEPLs (e.g. BAT 32)

Waste Incineration – Development in Germany
Waste incineration plant, Bullerdeich, Hamburg,
1896
Source:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCllverbrennungsanl
age_Bullerdeich
Waste incineration plant, Borsigstraße, Hamburg, since
1994
Source:
https://www.itad.de/ueber-uns/anlagen/hamburg-borsigstrasse
➢ Hygienization
➢ Volume and weight
reduction
➢ Stringent environmental
standards
➢ Inertization
➢ Destruction or prevention
of pollutants from entering
the material cycle
➢ Energy supply (electricity,
district heating, process
steam)
➢ Slag (metals, construction
materials)
➢ Defossilization
➢ H2 and CO2 supplier?
➢ Provider of negative
emissions?
➢ Even stricter environmental
standards
More important: product design, waste
reduction and recycling capacities

Thank you for your attention!
Ling He
ling.he@uba.de
www.uba.de/

Webinar on Best Available Techniques (BAT): Insights from the Cement Production and Waste Incineration Sectors - Ling He

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